Figure 1
Stewart’s Model of Distance Students
Table 1
Overview of Transnational Education Delivery Modes and Methods
| Mode | Format | Characteristics | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| In country | Overseas / Offshore Branch Campus | run or managed directly by the home institution offering programs and degrees | Francois, 2016; Latchem & Ryan, 2013 |
| Franchise | home institution licenses a local institution to offer various education programs and products that are recognized and honored by the institution of origin | Francois, 2016 | |
| Credit Validation | credit is transferred between institutions by applying to transfer course credit after it has been assessed for equivalency | Francois, 2016 | |
| Dual Degree Programs | students enrolled in one program can simultaneously earn a degree or certificate from the other without having to relocate | Francois, 2016 | |
| Blended | Twinning | credit has already been certified between institutions and transfers without question by means of memorandums of understanding (MoU) | Francois, 2016 |
| Fly-in / Fly-out | certain courses are taught exclusively by faculty from the home institution who are sent out to the local site, while other courses may be taught by local faculty | Francois, 2016; Latchem, & Ryan, 2013; Arunasalam, 2016; Hou, Montgomery, & McDowell, 2014, Smith, 2014 | |
| Double Degree with Mobility | students earn two degrees but spend time taking courses in both the home and host nations | Francois, 2016 | |
| Joint Degrees | students spend some time studying in both countries but earn a single degree bearing the names of both institutions | Francois, 2016 | |
| Consecutive Degrees | students earn an initial degree in one country (e.g., an Associate’s degree) and earns an additional, consecutive degree in the other country (e.g., a Bachelor’s degree)., or where a graduate certificate in the home country fulfills portions of a Master’s degree abroad | Francois, 2016 | |
| Distance | Online | courses are conducted 100% online | Francois, 2016 |
| Hybrid | some degree of courses are conducted online |