Integrity and Safety of Repurposed Hydrogen Pipelines in the European Union
References
- Amaro, R.L., White, R.M., Looney, C.P., Drexler, E.S. and Slifka, A.J. (2018) ‘Development of a model for hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth of pipeline steel’, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 140(2), pp. 26–31. Available at: 10.1115/1.4038824 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- Andrews, R.M., Gallon, N. and Huising, O.J.C. (2022) ‘Assessing damaged pipelines transporting hydrogen’, Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering, 2(3), pp. 100066–100072. Available at: 10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100066 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- Andrews, R.M., Gallon, N., Huising, O.J.C. and Lam-Thanh, L. (2020) ‘Hydrogen transport pipelines – Design challenges and mitigations’, Pipeline Technology Conference 2021. Berlin,
15–18 March 2021 . Proceedings ISSN 2510-6716. Available at:https://www.pipeline-conference.com/abstracts/hydrogen-transport-pipelines-design-challenges-and-mitigations (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - ARIA (Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents) (2026) La base de données ARIA. Available at:
https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/le-barpi/la-base-de-donnees-aria/ (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineer) (2023) ASME B31.12–2023 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines. Available at:
https://www.asme.org/ (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Barrera, O., Bombac, D., Chen, Y., Daff, T.D., Galindo-Nava, E., Gong, P., Haley, D., Horton, R., Katzarov, I., Kermode, J.R., Liverani, C., Stopher, M. and Sweeney, F. (2018) ‘Understanding and mitigating hydrogen embrittlement of steels: a review of experimental, modelling and design progress from atomistic to continuum’, Journal of Materials Science, 53(9), pp. 6251–6290. Available at: 10.1007/s10853-017-1978-5 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- Bonnaud, C., Cluzel, V., Corcoles, P., Dubois, J.-P., Louvet, V., Maury, M., Narbonne, A., Orefice, H., Perez, A., Ranty, J., Salim, R., Zeller, L.-M., Foissac, A. and Poenou, J. (2018) ‘Experimental study and modelling of the consequences of small leaks on buried transmission gas pipeline’, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 55, pp. 303–312. Available at: 10.1016/j.jlp.2018.06.010 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- de Miguel, N., Acosta, B., Moretto, P., Briottet, L., Bortot, P. and Mecozzi, E. (2017) ‘Hydrogen enhanced fatigue in full scale metallic vessel tests – Results from the MATHRYCE project’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(19), pp. 13777–13788. Available at: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.144 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- EGIG (European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group) (2023) Gas pipeline incidents: 12th report of the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group (period 1970–2022), document number VA 23.0304. Available at:
https://www.egig.eu/reports/$60/$178 (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - ENTSOG (European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas) (2022) TYNDP 2022 Scenario Report. Available at:
https://2022.entsos-tyndp-scenarios.eu/download/ (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - European Commission (2020) Communication COM/2020/301. Available at:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0301 (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - European Commission (2022) Commission staff working document SWD/2022/230. Available at:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52022SC0230 (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - European Commission (2024) Regulation (EU) 2024/1789. Available at:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L_202401789 (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - European Commission (2025a) Commission opinion C/2025/2004. Available at:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:C_202502773 (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - European Commission (2025b) Communication COM/2025/1005. Available at:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52025DC1005 (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Ewan, B.C.R., Moodie, K. and Hawksworth, S. (2022)
‘Chapter 4- Accident consequences’ , in A. Kotchourko and T. Jordan (eds.) Hydrogen safety for energy applications: Engineering design, risk assessment, and codes and standards. Oxford, UK, and Cambridge, USA: Elsevier Inc. pp. 195–261. Available at: 10.1016/C2018-0-00342-4 (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Froeling, H.A.J., Dröge, M.T., Nane, G.F. and Van Wijk, A.J.M. (2021) ‘Quantitative risk analysis of a hazardous jet fire event for hydrogen transport in natural gas transmission pipelines’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(17), pp. 10411–10422. Available at: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.248 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- H2TOOLS (Hydrogen Tools) (2016) Hydrogen analysis resource center. Available at:
https://h2tools.org/hyarc/hydrogen-data/hydrogen-pipelines (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Houssin-Agbomson, D., Blanchetière, G., McCollum, D., Saint-Macary, C., Mendes, R.M., Jamois, D., Barbalat, M., Foissac, A. and Lubet, T. (2018) ‘Consequences of a 12-mm diameter high pressure gas release on a buried pipeline. Experimental setup and results’, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 54, pp. 183–189. Available at: 10.1016/j.jlp.2018.03.016 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- JRC (European Commission: Joint Research Centre) (2026) HIAD 2.2 – European hydrogen incidents and accidents database. Available at:
https://minerva.jrc.ec.europa.eu/en/shorturl/capri/hiadpt (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - JRC (European Commission: Joint Research Centre), Smedberg, E., Pitois, A., Kleine, R. and Acosta Iborra, B. (2025) ‘Pipelines for hydrogen transport: A review of integrity and safety challenges’, Publications Office of the European Union, JRC140673. Available at:
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/4545832 (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Kappes, M.A. and Perez, T.E. (2023) ‘Hydrogen blending in existing natural gas transmission pipelines: A review of hydrogen embrittlement, governing codes, and life prediction methods’, Corrosion Reviews, 41(3), pp. 319–347. Available at: 10.1515/corrrev-2022-0083 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- Kethamukkala, K., Potts, S. and Liu, Y. (2024) ‘Probabilistic hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth under random pressure fluctuations in pipeline steels’, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 211, pp. 105293–105310. Available at: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2024.105293 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- Kotchourko, A. (2022)
‘Chapter 3- Phenomena relevant to accidents’ , in A. Kotchourko and T. Jordan (eds.) Hydrogen safety for energy applications: Engineering design, risk assessment, and codes and standards. Oxford, UK, and Cambridge, USA: Elsevier Inc. pp. 117–194. Available at: 10.1016/C2018-0-00342-4 (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Laureys, A., Depraetere, R., Cauwels, M., Depover, T., Hertelé, S. and Verbeken, K. (2022) ‘Use of existing steel pipeline infrastructure for gaseous hydrogen storage and transport: A review of factors affecting hydrogen induced degradation’, Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 101. Available at: 10.1016/j.jngse.2022.104534 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- Naib, S., Ruiz Martinez, O., Ribbert, G., Mannucci, G. and Erdelen-Peppler, M. (2024) ‘State of the art of the integrity assessments in Hydrogen pipelines’, Pipeline Technology Conference 2024. Berlin,
8–11 April 2024 . Proceedings ISSN 2510-6716. Available at:https://www.pipeline-conference.com/abstracts/state-art-integrity-assessments-hydrogen-pipelines (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - PHMSA (Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration) (2026) PHMSA’s mission. Available at:
https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/about-phmsa/phmsas-mission (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - RIVM (RijksInstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu) (2021)
‘Rekenmethodiek transport waterstof in (aardgas)transportleidingen’ , Bilthoven, Netherlands. Available at:https://www.rivm.nl/ (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Ronevich, J., Agnani, M. and San Marchi, C. (2024) ‘Consistency of fatigue crack growth behavior of pipeline and low-alloy pressure vessel steels in gaseous hydrogen’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 136, pp. 686–694. Available at: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.06.287 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- Ronevitch, J., Shresta, R. and San Marchi, C. (2022) ‘Misconceptions of hydrogen degradation of pipeline steels in existing natural gas infrastructure’, 4th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen. Ghent, Belgium,
11–13 October . Available at:https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2005355 (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Rowell, J. (2024) ‘Risk assessment of hydrogen and natural gas pipelines’, Pipeline Technology Conference 2024. Berlin,
8–11 April 2024 . Proceedings ISSN 2510-6716. Available at:https://www.pipeline-conference.com/abstracts/risk-assessment-hydrogen-and-natural-gas-pipelines (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Ruiz-Tagle, A. and Groth, K.M. (2024) ‘Comparing the risk of third-party excavation damage between natural gas and hydrogen pipelines’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 57, pp. 107–120. Available at: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.12.195 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- Shirvill, L.C., Roberts, T.A., Royle, M., Willoughby, D.B. and Sathiah, P. (2019) ‘Experimental study of hydrogen explosion in repeated pipe congestion–Part 2: Effects of increase in hydrogen concentration in hydrogen-methane-air mixture’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(5), pp. 3264–3276. Available at: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.021 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- Steiner, M., Marewski, U. and Silcher, H. (2023) ‘Investigation of steel materials for gas pipelines and plants for assessment of their suitability with hydrogen (SyWeStH2).’ In DVGW funding code G 202006 (p. 196). Available at:
https://www.dvgw.de/medien/dvgw/forschung/berichte/g202006-sywesth2-staehle.pdf (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Sud Info (2019) ‘Forte deflagration entendue dans la region du Centre: une conduit d’hydrogène endommagée à Braine-le-Comte’, Sud Info, 21 March. Available at:
https://www.sudinfo.be/id108750/article/2019-03-21/forte-deflagration-entendue-dans-la-region-du-centre-une-conduite-dhydrogene (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - US Department of Transportation (2026) Hazmat incidents reports – Data mining tool. Available at:
https://data.transportation.gov/Pipelines-and-Hazmat/Hazmat-Incident-Reports-Data-Mining-Tool/rxrf-q3m4/about_data (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - van Rossum, R., Jens, J., La Guardia, G., Wang, A., Kühnen, L. and Overgaag, M. (2022) European hydrogen backbone–A European hydrogen infrastructure vision covering 28 countries. Available at:
https://ehb.eu/files/downloads/ehb-report-220428-17h00-interactive-1.pdf (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - VROM (Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting en Ruimtelijke Ordening) (2009) Buisleidingenincident heinenoord, 12 oktober 2007. Available at:
https://www.datocms-assets.com/37731/1607340221-4-rapport-vrom-oorzaak-buisleidingenincident-heinenoord-11-05-2009.pdf (Accessed: 7 May 2026). - Wen, J.X., Marono, M., Moretto, P., Reinecke, E.-A., Sathiah, P., Studer, E., Vyazmina, E. and Melideo, D. (2022) ‘Statistics, lessons learned and recommendations from analysis of HIAD 2.0 database’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(38), pp. 17082–17096. Available at: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.170 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
- Yang, R., Schell, C.A., Ruiz-Tagle, A., Grabovetska, V., Gupta, A.J. and Groth, K.M. (2024) ‘Research gaps in quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of hydrogen transmission pipelines’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 71, pp. 916–929. Available at: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.281 (Accessed: 7 May 2026).
Language: English
Page range: 150 - 162
Submitted on: Feb 5, 2026
Accepted on: May 13, 2026
Published on: May 25, 2026
Published by: KIT Scientific Publishing
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2026 Aurelien Pitois, Erik Smedberg, Remi Kleine, Pietro Moretto, Beatriz Acosta Iborra, published by KIT Scientific Publishing
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.