Figure 1
CSA B149.1:20 compliant gas line for pilot-scale appliance testing apparatus (Street et al. 2025).
Figure 2
Water system for appliance testing apparatus.
Figure 3
Space heating boiler, storage water heater, and residential stove/oven for HBNG fuel testing.
Table 1
Flashback as flame was extinguished (normal gas-line pressure) 2024 data.
| CNG | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | 60% | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOT | COLD | HOT | COLD | HOT | COLD | HOT | COLD | HOT | COLD | HOT | COLD | ||
| Stovetop | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Oven | Top (Broil) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Back (Bake) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0 | |
| BBQ | Left | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Middle | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Right | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| SHB | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| SWH | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Figure 4
Stove burner ignition, natural gas. Left: CNG, 25 ms per frame. Right: 60% HBNG, 12.5 ms per frame.
Figure 5
Ignition time data from stovetop burners.
Figure 6
Burner noise adjusted for ambient sound level.
Figure 7
Burner reduction in CO2 emissions from CNG.
Figure 8
Absolute NOx emissions.
Figure 9
Burner absolute CO emissions.
Figure 10
Mass and volumetric flowrates.
Figure 11
Stove FLIR photograph (left) and plot of burner temperature (right).