Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Female Undergraduate Students: Physical Health Concerns as Influencing Determinants Cover

Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Female Undergraduate Students: Physical Health Concerns as Influencing Determinants

Open Access
|Dec 2025

References

  1. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96(2), 358–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358
  2. Acampado, E., & Valenzuela, M. (2018). Physical activity and dietary habits of Filipino college students. Kinesiology, 50(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.26582/k.50.1.11
  3. Ahmed, I., Hazell, C. M., Edwards, B., Glazebrook, C., & Davies, E. B. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies exploring prevalence of non-specific anxiety in undergraduate university students. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04645-8
  4. Alalalmeh, S. O., Hegazi, O. E., Shahwan, M., Hassan, N., Humaid Alnuaimi, G. R., Alaila, R. F., Jairoun, A., Tariq Hamdi, Y., Abdullah, M. T., Abdullah, R. M., & Zyoud, S. H. (2024). Assessing mental health among students in the UAE: A cross-sectional study utilizing the DASS-21 scale. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 32(4), 101987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101987
  5. Alejandria, M. C. P., Casimiro, K. M. D., Gibe, J. A. L., Fernandez, N. S. F., Tumaneng, D. C., Sandoval, E. C. A., Hernandez, P. J. S., Quan-Nalus, M. A., Alipao, F. A., & Alejandria, M. A. C. P. (2023). Attaining well-being beyond the home: A socio-cultural framing of mental health among university students in the Philippines. Health Education Journal, 82(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/00178969221141547
  6. Alwis, I., Baminiwatta, A., & Chandradasa, M. (2024). Prevalence and associated factors of depression in Sri Lanka: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 59(2), 353–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02495-z
  7. Amadu, P. M., Enyonam Hoedoafia, R., Dassah, G., Cletus, L. K., Adwoa Kpebu, S. E., Aarah-Bapuah, M., & Kapio Abem, V. (2024). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate nursing students in the University for Development Studies, Tamale. Fortune Journal of Health Sciences, 07(02). https://doi.org/10.26502/fjhs.176
  8. Amir Hamzah, N. S., Nik Farid, N. D., Yahya, A., Chin, C., Su, T. T., Rampal, S. R. L., & Dahlui, M. (2019). The prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety and stress of first year undergraduate students in a public higher learning institution in Malaysia. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(12), 3545–3557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01537-y
  9. Anbesaw, T., Zenebe, Y., Necho, M., Gebresellassie, M., Segon, T., Kebede, F., & Bete, T. (2023). Prevalence of depression among students at Ethiopian universities and associated factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 18(10), e0288597. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288597
  10. Armstrong, N., Fu, Z., & Woolf, K. (2024). The relationship between lifestyle behaviors and mental illness in women in college. Nutrients, 16(14), 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142211
  11. Barendse, M. E. A., Flannery, J., Cavanagh, C., Aristizabal, M., Becker, S. P., Berger, E., Breaux, R., Campione-Barr, N., Church, J. A., Crone, E. A., Dahl, R. E., Dennis-Tiwary, T. A., Dvorsky, M. R., Dziura, S. L., van de Groep, S., Ho, T. C., Killoren, S. E., Langberg, J. M., Larguinho, T. L., … Pfeifer, J. H. (2023). Longitudinal change in adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(1), 74–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12781
  12. Batra, K., Sharma, M., Batra, R., Singh, T. P., & Schvaneveldt, N. (2021). Assessing the psychological impact of COVID-19 among college students: An evidence of 15 countries. Healthcare, 9(2), 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020222
  13. Bazargan, M., Dehghani, A., Ramezani, M. A., & Ramezani, A. (2023). Prevalence of depression among Iranian children and adolescents: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Science Reports, 6(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1584
  14. Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00069-1
  15. Berry, W. D. (2005). Probit/Logit and Other Binary Models. In Encyclopedia of Social Measurement (pp. 161–169). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369398-5/00176-6
  16. Blackwelder, A., Hoskins, M., & Huber, L. (2021). Effect of inadequate sleep on frequent mental distress. Preventing Chronic Disease, 18, 200573. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd18.200573
  17. Blanco, V., Salmerón, M., Otero, P., & Vázquez, F. L. (2021). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress and prevalence of major depression and its predictors in female university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5845. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115845
  18. Bordey, H. (2024). CHED: More college students cited mental health as reason for dropping out. GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/922218/ched-more-college-students-cited-mental-health-as-reason-for-dropping-out/story/
  19. Cagas, J. Y., Mallari, M. F. T., Torre, B. A., Kang, M.-G. D. P., Palad, Y. Y., Guisihan, R. M., Aurellado, M. I., Sanchez-Pituk, C., Realin, J. G.P., Sabado, M. L. C., Ulanday, M. E. D., Baltasar, J. F., Maghanoy, M. L. A., Ramos, R. A. A., Santos, R. A. B., & Capio, C. M. (2022). Results from the Philippines' 2022 report card on physical activity for children and adolescents. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 20(4), 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2022.10.001
  20. Casinillo, L. F. (2022). Modeling determinants of challenge in learning Statistics in time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Philippine Social Science Journal, 5(3), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v5i3.536
  21. Cheung, D. K., Tam, D. K. Y., Tsang, M. H., Zhang, D. L. W., & Lit, D. S. W. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress in different subgroups of first-year university students from 4-year cohort data. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.041
  22. Choychoda, S. . H. I. W. W. . S. J. . & T. K. (2023). A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of Thai adolescent depression. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2023.44.2.21
  23. Cleofas, J. V. (2023). Family, friends, school and nation: Socio-ecological determinants of mental health among Filipino college students post-lockdown. International Social Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12459
  24. Cody, K., Scott, J. M., & Simmer-Beck, M. (2024). Examining the mental health of university students: A quantitative and qualitative approach to identifying prevalence, associations, stressors, and interventions. Journal of American College Health, 72(3), 776–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2057192
  25. de Oliveira Viana, M. Á., Porto, É., dos Santos Dantas, L., Soares Forte, F. D., D'Ávila Lins Bezerra Cavalcanti, S., & de Lima Targino Massoni, A. C. (2024). Depression, anxiety, and stress in dental students and associations with sociodemographic variables and the academic environment. Trends in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-024-00359-2
  26. Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Heybati, K., Lohit, S., Abbas, U., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., Huang, E., Zuo, Q. K., Moskalyk, M., Ramaraju, H. B., & Heybati, S. (2023). Prevalence of mental health symptoms in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1520(1), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14947
  27. Dessauvagie, A. S., Dang, H.-M., Nguyen, T. A. T., & Groen, G. (2022). Mental health of university students in Southeastern Asia: A systematic review. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 34(2–3), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395211055545
  28. Doan, T., Ha, V., Strazdins, L., & Chateau, D. (2023). Healthy minds live in healthy bodies – effect of physical health on mental health: Evidence from Australian longitudinal data. Current Psychology, 42(22), 18702–18713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03053-7
  29. Dopelt, K., & Houminer-Klepar, N. (2024). War-related stress among Israeli college students following 7 October 2023 terror attack in Israel. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(8), 2175–2186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080145
  30. Du, C., Zan, M. C. H., Cho, M. J., Fenton, J. I., Hsiao, P. Y., Hsiao, R., Keaver, L., Lai, C.-C., Lee, H., Ludy, M.-J., Shen, W., Swee, W. C. S., Thrivikraman, J., Tseng, K.-W., Tseng, W.-C., Almotwa, J., Feldpausch, C. E., Folk, S. Y. L., Gadd, S., … Tucker, R. M. (2021). Health behaviors of higher education students from 7 countries: Poorer sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic predicts higher dietary risk. Clocks & Sleep, 3(1), 12–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep3010002
  31. Emmerton, R. W., Camilleri, C., & Sammut, S. (2024). Continued deterioration in university student mental health: Inevitable decline or skirting around the deeper problems? Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 15, 100691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100691
  32. Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847460
  33. Fudolig, M. I., Bloomfield, L. S. P., Price, M., Bird, Y. M., Hidalgo, J. E., Kim, J. N., Llorin, J., Lovato, J., McGinnis, E. W., McGinnis, R. S., Ricketts, T., Stanton, K., Dodds, P. S., & Danforth, C. M. (2024). The two fundamental shapes of sleep heart rate dynamics and their connection to mental health in college students. Digital Biomarkers, 8(1), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1159/000539487
  34. Santiago, G. R., & Ibarra, C. V. (2023). Health, physical fitness, and skills of first year college students: evidence from a Philippine college. Malaysian Mental Health Journal, 2(1), 07–12. https://doi.org/10.26480/mmhj.01.2023.07.12
  35. Han, W., Altalbe, A., Rehman, N., Rehman, S., & Sharma, S. (2024). Exploring the longitudinal impacts of academic stress and lifestyle factors among Chinese students. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20523211.2024.2398706
  36. Hathaway, E. D., Peyer, K. L., & Doyle, K. A. (2023). A first look at perceived stress in southeastern university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of American College Health, 71(2), 329–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1895809
  37. Heumann, E., Helmer, S. M., Busse, H., Negash, S., Horn, J., Pischke, C. R., Niephaus, Y., & Stock, C. (2023). Retracted: Anxiety and depressive symptoms of German university students 20 months after the COVID-19 outbreak – A cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 320, 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.158
  38. Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4
  39. Huang, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2023). Effects of physical exercise intervention on depressive and anxious moods of college students: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(3), 206–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2023.01.001
  40. Hutchesson, M., Whatnall, M., Fenton, S., Ashton, L., Patterson, A., Smith, J., Duncan, M. J., Kay-Lambkin, F., & Burrows, T. (2023). Are health behaviors associated with mental health among tertiary education students? A systematic review of cohort studies. Journal of American College Health, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2201865
  41. Hwang, J., Ding, Y., Chen, E., Wang, C., & Wu, Y. (2023). Asian American university Students' adjustment, coping, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054162
  42. Jamali, Y. A., Khan, J. A., Jamali, I. A., Shah, H., Jeetendar, ., & Kumari, R. (2024). Depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate students of Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 99–104. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v5i04.1384
  43. Kamruzzaman, M., Hossain, A., Islam, M. A., Ahmed, M. S., Kabir, E., & Khan, M. N. (2024). Exploring the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Bangladesh and their determinants. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 28, 101677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2024.101677
  44. Kaur, P., Stoltzfus, J., & Yellapu, V. (2018). Descriptive statistics. International Journal of Academic Medicine, 4(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJAM.IJAM_7_18
  45. Kavvadas, D., Kavvada, A., Karachrysafi, S., Papaliagkas, V., Chatzidimitriou, M., & Papamitsou, T. (2023). Stress, anxiety, and depression levels among university students: Three years from the beginning of the pandemic. Clinics and Practice, 13(3), 596–609. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13030054
  46. Kharroubi, S. A., Al-Akl, N., Chamate, S.-J., Abou Omar, T., & Ballout, R. (2024). Assessing the relationship between physical health, mental health and students' success among universities in Lebanon: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(5), 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050597
  47. Li, W., Zhao, Z., Chen, D., Peng, Y., & Lu, Z. (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety symptoms among college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(11), 1222–1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13606
  48. Liu, X.-Q., Guo, Y.-X., & Xu, Y. (2023). Risk factors and digital interventions for anxiety disorders in college students: Stakeholder perspectives. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 11(7), 1442–1457. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i7.1442
  49. Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety & Stress Scales. (2nd Ed.).
  50. Lyu, J., Jin, S., Ji, C., Yan, R., Feng, C., Rozelle, S., & Wang, H. (2024). The connection between sleep patterns and mental health: Insights from rural Chinese students. Healthcare, 12(15), 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12151507
  51. Mahindru, A., Patil, P., & Agrawal, V. (2023). Role of physical activity on mental health and well-being: A review. Cureus, 15(1), e33475. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33475
  52. Malagodi, F., Dommett, E. J., Findon, J. L., & Gardner, B. (2024). Physical activity interventions to improve mental health and wellbeing in university students in the UK: A service mapping study. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 26, 100563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100563
  53. Manasan, P. L., Quitor, C. G., Ronquillo, V. P., Dabu, D. C., Dela Cruz, J. T., Sode, M. A. V., & Cruz, S. J. L. (2023). Motives and barriers to exercise among underweight Filipino college students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4(9), 3244–3263. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.09.16
  54. Masuda, M., & Holmes, T. H. (1967). Magnitude estimations of social readjustments. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(67)90011-6
  55. Moussa-Chamari, I., Farooq, A., Romdhani, M., Washif, J. A., Bakare, U., Helmy, M., Al-Horani, R. A., Salamh, P., Robin, N., & Hue, O. (2024). The relationship between quality of life, sleep quality, mental health, and physical activity in an international sample of college students: a structural equation modeling approach. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1397924
  56. Nahar, Z., Sohan, M., Supti, K. F., Hossain, M. J., Shahriar, M., Bhuiyan, M. A., & Islam, M. R. (2022). Prevalence and associated risk factors for mental health problems among female university students during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study findings from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Heliyon, 8(10), e10890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10890
  57. Nour, M. O., Alharbi, K. K., Hafiz, T. A., Alshehri, A. M., Alyamani, L. S., Alharbi, T. H., Alzahrani, R. S., Almalki, E. F., Althagafi, A. A., Kattan, E. T., & Tamim, H. M. (2023). Prevalence of depression and associated factors among adults in Saudi Arabia: Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (2000–2022). Depression and Anxiety, 2023, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8854120
  58. Olson, R., Fryz, R., Essemiah, J., Crawford, M., King, A., & Fateye, B. (2023). Mental health impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on US college students: Results of a photoelicitation project. Journal of American College Health, 71(2), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1891921
  59. Paudel, U., Parajuli, A., Shrestha, R., Kumari, S., Adhikari Yadav, S., & Marahatta, K. (2023). Perceived stress, sources of stress and coping strategies among undergraduate medical students of Nepal: a cross-sectional study. F1000Research, 11, 167. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75879.2
  60. Pei, J., Amanvermez, Y., Vigo, D., Puyat, J., Kessler, R. C., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Rankin, O., Chua, S. N., Martínez, V., Rapsey, C., Fodor, L. A., David, O. A., Garcia, C., & Cuijpers, P. (2024). Sociodemographic correlates of mental health treatment seeking among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatric Services, 75(6), 556–569. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20230414
  61. Puyat, J. H., Gastardo-Conaco, M. C., Natividad, J., & Banal, M. A. (2021). Depressive symptoms among young adults in the Philippines: Results from a nationwide cross-sectional survey. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 3, 100073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100073
  62. Rahlin, N. A., Suriawaty, A., Bahkiar Bahkiar, S. A., Turan, S., & Fauzi, S. N. A. (2024). Global Crucial Risk Factors Associated Stress Among University Students During Post Covid-19 Pandemic: Empirical Evidence from Asian Country (pp. 315–327). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35828-9_27
  63. Ramar, K., Malhotra, R. K., Carden, K. A., Martin, J. L., Abbasi-Feinberg, F., Aurora, R. N., Kapur, V. K., Olson, E. J., Rosen, C. L., Rowley, J. A., Shelgikar, A. V., & Trotti, L. M. (2021). Sleep is essential to health: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 17(10), 2115–2119. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.9476
  64. Sampaga Fernandez, C. Lou, & Cardinal, A. M. (2024). 62. Prevalence, risk factors, and types of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents in a public secondary school in the Philippines. Journal of Adolescent Health, 74(3), S34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.11.260
  65. Schat, A. C. H., Kelloway, E. K., & Desmarais, S. (2005). The Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ): Construct validation of a self-report scale of somatic symptoms. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(4), 363–381. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.363
  66. Scott, A. J., Webb, T. L., Martyn-St James, M., Rowse, G., & Weich, S. (2021). Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 60, 101556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556
  67. Serrano, I. M. A., Cuyugan, A. M. N., Cruz, K., Mahusay, J. M. A., & Alibudbud, R. (2023). Sociodemographic characteristics, social support, and family history as factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among young adult senior high school students in metro Manila, Philippines, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1225035. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1225035
  68. Siddik, M. A. B., Ali, A., Miah, S., Hasan, M., Ahmed, M., & Sunna, T. C. (2024). Psychological disorders among college going students: A post Covid-19 insight from Bangladesh. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 15, 100686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100686
  69. Singh, S., Lai, C. H., Iderus, N. H. M., Ghazali, S. M., Ahmad, L. C. R. Q., Cheng, L. M., Nadzri, M. N., Zulkifli, A. A., Suppiah, J., Zaki, R. A., Farid, N. D. N., Supramanian, R. K., Nordin, A. A., Lin, C. Z., Kaur, K., & Ghazali, N. M. (2023). Prevalence and determinants of depressive symptoms among young adolescents in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study. Children, 10(1), 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010141
  70. Sivertsen, B., O'Connor, R. C., Nilsen, S. A., Heradstveit, O., Askeland, K. G., Bøe, T., & Hysing, M. (2024). Mental health problems and suicidal behavior from adolescence to young adulthood in college: linking two population-based studies. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(2), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-023-02167-y
  71. Souza, L. C., Galvão, L. P., Paiva, H. S., Périco, C. de A.-M., Ventriglio, A., Torales, J., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Martins-da-Silva, A. S. (2023). Major depressive disorder as a risk factor for suicidal ideation for attendees of educational institutions: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 41. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2021344
  72. Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Pred, R. S. (1987). Impatience versus achievement strivings in the Type A pattern: Differential effects on students' health and academic achievement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(4), 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.72.4.522
  73. Talapko, J., Perić, I., Vulić, P., Pustijanac, E., Jukić, M., Bekić, S., Meštrović, T., & Škrlec, I. (2021). Mental health and physical activity in health-related university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare, 9(7), 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070801
  74. Tan, G. X. D., Soh, X. C., Hartanto, A., Goh, A. Y. H., & Majeed, N. M. (2023). Prevalence of anxiety in college and university students: An umbrella review. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 14, 100658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100658
  75. Torres, L., Caciula, M. C., Tomoiaga, A. S., & Gugu-Gramatopol, C. (2023). Correlations between mental health, physical activity, and body composition in American college students after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(22), 7045. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20227045
  76. University of the Philippines-Population Institute (2022). Pinoy youth in worse mental shape today, nationwide survey indicates. https://www.uppi.upd.edu.ph/news/2022/pinoy-youth-in-worse-mental-health-shape-today
  77. Woffindin, L. (2023). All about the Connection Between Physical and Mental Health. https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/all-about-the-connection-between-physical-and-mental-health/
  78. Wynter, K., Redley, B., Holton, S., Manias, E., McDonall, J., McTier, L., Hutchinson, A. M., Kerr, D., Lowe, G., Phillips, N. (Nikki) M., & Rasmussen, B. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress among Australian nursing and midwifery undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2021-0060
  79. Xiong, S. (2023). Gender differences in stress levels among Southeast Asian American college students. Journal of American College Health, 71(3), 651–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1908306
  80. Yang, W., Sun, R., Wang, C., Chen, J., Zhang, C., Yu, J., & Liu, H. (2023). Epidemiology of depressive disorders among youth during Gaokao to college in China: results from Hunan Normal University mental health survey. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 481. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04972-w
  81. Yu, Y., Liu, J., Skokauskas, N., Liu, F., Zhang, L., Teng, T., Zou, Y., Lyu, Q., Liu, R., Liu, X., Meng, H., & Zhou, X. (2023). Prevalence of depression and anxiety, and associated factors, among Chinese primary and high school students: A cross-sectional, epidemiological study. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12523
  82. Zeng, F. (2024). A Study of the Impact of Health Behavior on The mental health of female college students. American Journal of Health Behavior, 48(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.48.2.12
  83. Zheng, H., Li, C., Zhang, L., Wang, T., Cai, Z., & Lei, M. (2024). Evaluation of depression and its correlates in terms of demographics, eating habits, and exercises among university students: A multicenter cross-sectional analysis. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Volume 20, 1079–1095. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S462836
Language: English
Page range: 207 - 221
Submitted on: Oct 3, 2025
|
Accepted on: Dec 22, 2025
|
Published on: Dec 31, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Glenn Medallon Calaguas, published by International Platform on Mental Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.