A short tutorial contribution to impedance and AC-electrokinetic characterization and manipulation of cells and media: Are electric methods more versatile than acoustic and laser methods?

Gimsa, Jan; Stubbe, Marco; Gimsa, Ulrike

doi:10.5617/jeb.557

References

Ajdari A. Pumping liquids using asymmetric electrode arrays. Phys. Rev. E 2000, 61: 45-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.61.R4510.1103/PhysRevE.61.R45
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Asami K, Hanai T, Koizumi N. Dielectric approach to suspensions of ellipsoidal particles covered with a shell in particular reference to biological cells. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1980, 19: 359-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.19.35910.1143/JJAP.19.359
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Barat D, Spencer D, Benazzi, G, Mowlem MC, Morgan H. Simultaneous high speed optical and impedance analysis of single particles with a microfluidic cytometer. Lab Chip 2012, 12: 118-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1lc20785g10.1039/C1LC20785G22051732
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Becker FF, Wang XB, Huang Y, Pethig R, Vykoukal J, Gascoyne PRC. Separation of human breast cancer cells from blood by differential dielectric affinity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995, 92: 860–864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.3.86010.1073/pnas.92.3.860
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bousse L, Mcreynolds RJ, Kirk G, Dawes T, Lam P, Bemiss WR. Micromachined multichannel systems for the measurement of cellular-metabolism. Sens. Actuators B-Chemical 1994, 20: 145-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(94)01196-610.1016/0925-4005(94)01196-6
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bousse L, Parce W. Applying silicon micromachining to cellular-metabolism. IEEE Engin. Med. Biol. Mag. 1994, 13: 396-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/51.29401110.1109/51.294011
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Buehler SM, Stubbe M, Gimsa U, Baumann W, Gimsa J. A decrease of intracellular ATP is compensated by increased respiration and acidification at sub-lethal parathion concentrations in murine embryonic neuronal cells: measurements in metabolic cell-culture chips. Tox. Lett. 2011, 207: 182-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.00510.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.005
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ceriotti L, Kob A, Drechsler S, Ponti J, Thedinga E, Colpo P, Ehret R. Online monitoring of BALB/3T3 metabolism and adhesion with multiparametric chip-based system. Anal. Biochem. 2007, 371: 92-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2007.07.01410.1016/j.ab.2007.07.01417709091
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Daridon A, Fascio V, Lichtenberg J, Wutrich R, Langen H, Verpoorte E, de Rooij NF. Multi-layer microfluidic glass chips for microanalytical applications. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 2001, 371: 261-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216010100410.1007/s00216010100411678200
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dunlop J, Bowlby M, Peri R, Vasilyev D, Arias R. High-throughput electrophysiology: an emerging paradigm for ion-channel screening and physiology. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2008, 7: 358-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd25521835691910.1038/nrd2552
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dürr M, Kentsch J, Müller T, Schnelle T, Stelzle M. Microdevices for manipulation and accumulation of micro- and nanoparticles by dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2003, 24: 722–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.2003900871260174410.1002/elps.200390087
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ehret R, Baumann W, Brischwein M, Schwinde A, Stegbauer K, Wolf B. Monitoring of cellular behaviour by impedance measurements on interdigitated electrode structures. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12: 29-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-5663(96)89087-7897605010.1016/0956-5663(96)89087-7
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
El-Ali J, Sorger PK, Jensen KF. Cells on chips. Nature 2006, 442: 403-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature0506310.1038/nature05063
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fiedler S, Shirley SG, Schnelle T, Fuhr G. Dielectrophoretic sorting of particles and cells in a microsystem. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70: 1909-1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac971063b10.1021/ac971063b
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Foster KR, Schwan HP. 1996, Dielectric properties of tissues. Handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields. Polk C, Postow E (Eds.) CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL. 25-102.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fricke H. Relation of the permittivity of biological cell suspensions to fractional cell volume. Nature 1953, 172: 731–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/172731a010.1038/172731a0
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fuhr G, Hagedorn R, Müller T, Benecke W, Wagner B. Microfabricated electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumps for liquids of higher conductivity. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 1992, 1: 141-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/84.18639310.1109/84.186393
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fuhr G, Schnelle T, Wagner B. Travelling wave driven microfabricated electrohydrodynamic pumps for liquids. J. Micromech. Microeng. 1994, 4: 217-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/4/4/00710.1088/0960-1317/4/4/007
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fuhr G, Müller T, Glasser H, Gimsa J, Hofmann U, Wagner B. Handling and investigation of adherently growing cells and viruses of medical relevance in three-dimensional micro-structures. MEMS 97, 1997. Proceedings - IEEE the Tenth Annual International Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems. 344-349.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fuhr GR, Reichle C. Living cells in opto-electrical cages. Trends Anal. Chem. 2000, 19: 402-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(00)00015-710.1016/S0165-9936(00)00015-7
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
García-Sánchez P, Ramos A, Green NG, Morgan H. Experiments on AC electrokinetic pumping of liquids using arrays of microelectrodes. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2006, 47: 075501
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Georgieva R, Neu B, Shilov VM, Knippel E, Budde A, Latza R, Donath E, Kiesewetter, Bäumler H. Low frequency electrorotation of fixed red blood cells. Biophys. J. 1998, 74: 2114-2120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77918-4954507010.1016/S0006-3495(98)77918-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gimsa J. New light-scattering and field-trapping methods access the internal structure of submicron particles, like influenza viruses. Riu PJ, Rosell J, Bragos R, Casas O (Eds.) Electrical bio-impedance methods. Applications to medicine and biotechnology. New York: Ann. New York Acad. Sciences. 1999, 287-298.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gimsa J. A comprehensive approach to electro-orientation, electro-deformation, dielectrophoresis, and electrorotation of ellipsoidal particles and biological cells. Bioelectrochem. 2001, 54: 23-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0302-4598(01)00106-410.1016/S0302-4598(01)00106-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gimsa J, Eppmann P, Prüger B. Introducing phase analysis light scattering for dielectric characterization: Measurement of traveling-wave pumping. Biophys. J. 1997, 73: 3309-3316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78355-310.1016/S0006-3495(97)78355-39414241
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gimsa J, Glaser R, Fuhr G. Theory and application of the rotation of biological cells in rotating electric fields (electrorotation). Schütt W, Klinkmann H, Lamprecht I, Wilson T (Eds.) Physical characterization of biological cells (Berlin: Verlag Gesundheit GmbH Berlin) 1991, 295-323.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gimsa J, Pritzen C, Donath E. Characterization of virus - red cell interaction by electrorotation. Stud. Biophys. 1989, 130: 123-131.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gimsa J, Wachner D. A unified RC-model for impedance, dielectrophoresis, electrorotation and induced transmembrane potential. Biophys. J. 1998, 75: 1107-1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77600-310.1016/S0006-3495(98)77600-39675212
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gimsa J, Wachner D. A polarization model overcoming the geometric restrictions of Laplace's solution for spheroidal cells: Obtaining new equations for field induced forces and transmembrane potential. Biophys. J. 1999, 77: 1316-1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(99)76981-X1046574410.1016/S0006-3495(99)76981-X
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gimsa J, Wachner D. On the analytical description of transmembrane voltage induced on spheroidal cells with zero membrane conductance. Eur. Biophys. J. 2001, 30: 463-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0024901001621171830110.1007/s002490100162
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Glynne-Jones P, Hill M, Acoustofluidics 23: acoustic manipulation combined with other force fields. Lab Chip, 2013, 13: 1003-1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3lc41369a10.1039/C3LC41369A23385298
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Goater AD, Burt JPH, Pethig R. A combined travelling wave dielectrophoresis and electrorotation device: applied to the concentration and viability determination of Cryptosporidium. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1997, 30: L65–L69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/30/18/00110.1088/0022-3727/30/18/001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Griffin JL. Orientation of human and avian erythrocytes in radio-frequency fields. Exp. Cell Res. 1970, 61: 113-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(70)90263-6543161010.1016/0014-4827(70)90263-6
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Grom F, Kentsch J, Müller T, Schnelle T, Stelzle M. Accumulation and trapping of hepatitis A virus particles by electrohydrodynamic flow and dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006, 27: 1386 - 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.20050041610.1002/elps.20050041616568408
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gross GW, Rhoades BK, Azzazy HME, Wu M-C. The use of neuronal networks on multielectrode arrays as biosensors, Biosens. Bioelectr. 1995, 10: 553–567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-5663(95)96931-N10.1016/0956-5663(95)96931-N
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Guck J, Schinkinger S, Lincoln B, Wottawah F, Ebert S, Romeyke M, Lenz D, Erickson HM, Ananthakrishnan R, Mitchell D, Käs J, Ulvick S, Bilby C. Optical deformability as an inherent cell marker for testing malignant transformation and metastatic competence. Biophys. J. 2005, 88: 3689-3698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.104.0454761572243310.1529/biophysj.104.045476
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hagedorn, R, Fuhr G, Müller T, Gimsa J. 1992. Traveling-wave dielectrophoresis of microparticles. Electrophoresis. 13: 49-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150130110158725410.1002/elps.1150130110
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Haia A, Spira ME. On-chip electroporation, membrane repair dynamics and transient in-cell recordings by arrays of gold mushroom-shaped microelectrodes. Lab Chip, 2012, 12: 2865-2873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2lc40091j10.1039/c2lc40091j22678065
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hölzel R. Electrorotation of single yeast cells at frequencies between 100 Hz and 1.6 GHz. Biophys J. 1997, 73: 1103–1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78142-6925182610.1016/S0006-3495(97)78142-6
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hughes MP, Pethig R, Wang X-B Dielectrophoretic forces on particles in travelling electric fields. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1996, 29: 474-482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/29/2/02910.1088/0022-3727/29/2/029
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jones TB. Electromechanics of Particles, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511574498
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kafka J, Pänke O, Abendroth B, Lisdat F. A label-free DNA sensor based on impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim. Acta. 2008, 53: 7467-7474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.01.03110.1016/j.electacta.2008.01.031
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Koester PJ, Bühler SM, Stubbe M, Tautorat C, Niendorf M, Baumann W, Gimsa J. Modular glass chip system measuring the electric activity and adhesion of neuronal cells - application and drug testing with sodium valproic acid. Lab Chip 2010a, 10: 1579-1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b923687b10.1039/b923687b
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Koester PJ, Tautorat C, Beikirch H, Gimsa J, Baumann W. Recording electric potentials from single adherent cells with 3D microelectrode arrays after local electroporation. Biosens. Bioelectr. 2010b, 26: 1731–1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.08.00310.1016/j.bios.2010.08.003
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kovarik ML, Gach PC, Ornoff DM, Wang Y, Balowski J, Farrag L, Allbritton NL. Micro total analysis systems for cell biology and biochemical assays. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84: 516-540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac202611x10.1021/ac202611x21967743
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Laurell T, Petersson F, Nilsson A. Chip integrated strategies for acoustic separation and manipulation of cells and particles. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 36: 492-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b601326k10.1039/B601326K17325788
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liu W, Ren Y, Shao J, Jiang H, Ding Y. A theoretical and numerical investigation of travelling wave induction microfluidic pumping in a temperature gradient. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2014, 47: 075501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/7/07550110.1088/0022-3727/47/7/075501
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Maier H. Electrorotation of colloidal particles and cells depends on surface charge. Biophys. J. 1997, 73: 1617-1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78193-110.1016/S0006-3495(97)78193-19284328
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marczak M, Diesinger H. Traveling wave dielectrophoresis micropump based on the dispersion of a capacitive electrode layer J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 105: 124511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.315278710.1063/1.3152787
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marszalek P, Liu D-S, Tsong TY. Schwan equation and transmembrane potential induced by alternating electric field. Biophys. J. 1990, 58: 1053-1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(90)82447-410.1016/S0006-3495(90)82447-42248989
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Maswiwat K, Holtappels M, Gimsa J. On the field distribution in electrorotation chambers - influence of electrode shape. Electrochim. Acta. 2006, 51: 5215-5220 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.04810.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.048
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morgan H, Izquierdo AG, Bakewell D, Green NG, Ramos A. The dielectrophoretic and travelling wave forces generated by interdigitated electrode arrays: analytical solution using Fourier series. J. Phys. D: App. Phys. 2001, 34: 1553-1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/10/31610.1088/0022-3727/34/10/316
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Müller T, Gradl G, Howitz S, Shirley S, Schnelle T, G. Fuhr G. A 3-D microelectrode system for handling and caging single cells and particles. Biosens. Bioelec. 1999, 14: 247-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(99)00006-8
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Neu B, Georgieva R, Meiselman HJ, Bäumler H. Alpha- and beta-dispersion of fixed platelets: comparison with a structure-based theoretical approach. Coll. Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2002, 197: 27-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00860-310.1016/S0927-7757(01)00860-3
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nilsson J, Evander M, Hammarström B, Laurell T. Review of cell and particle trapping in microfluidic systems. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 649: 141-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.0171969939010.1016/j.aca.2009.07.017
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oberti S, Neild A, Möller D, Dual J. Strategies for single particle manipulation using acoustic radiation forces and external tools. Phys. Procedia 2010, 3: 255-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2010.01.03410.1016/j.phpro.2010.01.034
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pan D, Chen J, Nie L, Tao W, Yao S. An amperometric glucose biosensor based on poly(o-aminophenol) and Prussian blue films at platinum electrode. Anal. Biochem. 2004, 324: 115-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2003.09.02910.1016/j.ab.2003.09.02914654053
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pauly H, Schwan HP. Über die Impedanz einer Suspension von kugelförmigen Teilchen mit einer Schale. Z. Naturforsch. 1959, 14b: 125-131. (in German)
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Perch-Nielsen IR, Green NG, Wolff A. Numerical simulation of travelling wave induced electrothermal fluid flow. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2004, 37: 2323-2330.10.1088/0022-3727/37/16/016
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pethig R, Talary MS, Lee RS. Enhancing traveling-wave dielectrophoresis with signal superposition. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 2003, 22: 43-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MEMB.2003.12660461500799010.1109/MEMB.2003.1266046
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Py C, Salim D, Monette R, Comas T, Fraser J, Martinez D, Martina M, Mealing G. Cell to aperture interaction in patch-clamp chips visualized by fluorescence microscopy and focused-ion beam sections. Biotech. Bioeng. 2011, 108: 1936-1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.2312710.1002/bit.23127
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ramos A, Morgan H, Green NG, González A, Castellanos A. Pumping of liquids with traveling-wave electroosmosis. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 97: 084906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.187303410.1063/1.1873034
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Retelj L, Pucihar G, Miklavcic D, Electroporation of intracellular liposomes using nanosecond electric pulses - a theoretical study. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2013, 60: 2624–2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2013.2262177
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schnelle T, Müller T, Reichle C, Fuhr G. Combined dielectrophoretic field cages and laser tweezers for electrorotation. Appl. Phys. B 2000, 70: 267-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340005004410.1007/s003400050044
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schwan, HP. Biophysics of the interaction of electromagnetic energy with cells and membranes. In: Grandolfo M, Michaelson SM, Rindi A (Eds.) Biological effects and dosimetry of nonionizing radiation. 1983. Plenum Press, New York (USA), pp. 213-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4253-3_9
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schwan HP, Schwarz G., Maczuk J, Pauly H. On the low-frequency dielectric dispersion of colloidal particles in electrolyte solution. J. Phys. Chem. 1962, 66: 2626-2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100818a06610.1021/j100818a066
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schoenbach KH, Joshi RP, Kolb JF, Chen N, Stacey M, Blackmore PF, Buescher PF, Beebe SJ. Ultrashort electrical pulses open a new gateway into biological cells. Proc. IEEE 2004, 92: 1122-1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2004.82900910.1109/JPROC.2004.829009
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shih SCC, Barbulovic-Nad I, Yang X, Fobel R, Wheeler AR. Digital microfluidics with impedance sensing for integrated cell culture and analysis. Biosens. Bioelectr. 2013, 42: 314-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.10.03510.1016/j.bios.2012.10.035
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Simeonova M, Wachner D, Gimsa J. Cellular absorption of electric field energy: influence of molecular properties of the cytoplasm. Bioelectrochem. 2002, 56: 215-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5394(02)00010-510.1016/S1567-5394(02)00010-5
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stubbe M, Holtappels M, Gimsa J. A new working principle for ac electro-hydrodynamic on-chip micro-pumps. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2007, 40: 6850-6856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/40/21/05510.1088/0022-3727/40/21/055
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stubbe M, Gyurova A, Gimsa J. Experimental verification of an equivalent circuit for the characterization of electrothermal micropumps: High pumping velocities induced by the external inductance at driving voltages below 5V. Electrophoresis 2013, 34: 562-574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.20120034010.1002/elps.201200340
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stubbe M, Gimsa, J. Electro-thermal Micro-pumps: exploiting structural polarizations at smeared interfaces. NSTI-Nanotech 2013, 2: 334-337.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sun T, Morgan H. Single-cell microfluidic impedance cytometry: a review. Microfluid Nanofluid 2010, 8: 423-443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10404-010-0580-910.1007/s10404-010-0580-9
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Urbanski JP, Thorsen T, Levitan JA, Bazant MZ. Fast ac electro-osmotic micropumps with nonplanar electrodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89: 143508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.235882310.1063/1.2358823
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wachner D, Simeonova M, Gimsa J. Estimating the subcellular absorption of electric field energy: equations for an ellipsoidal single shell model. Bioelectrochem. 2002, 56: 211-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5394(02)00020-810.1016/S1567-5394(02)00020-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wolf B, Brischwein M, Grothe H, Stepper C, Ressler J, Weyh T. Lab-on-a-chip systems for cellular assays. In: Urban G (Ed.) BioMEMS. 2006. Springer, Dordrecht (NL), pp. 269-308.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yang CY, Lei U. Quasistatic force and torque on ellipsoidal particles under generalized dielectrophoresis. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 102: 094702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.280218510.1063/1.2802185
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zimmerman V, Shilov VN, López-Garcia JJ, Grosse C. Numerical calculation of the electrorotation velocity of latex-type particles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106: 13384-13392.10.1021/jp026127n
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

A short tutorial contribution to impedance and AC-electrokinetic characterization and manipulation of cells and media: Are electric methods more versatile than acoustic and laser methods?

References

Paradigm

My account