Abubakari A.R., Naderali M.M., Naderali E.K.: Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cognitive function: Are smaller dosages more beneficial? Int. J. Gen. Med., 2014; 7: 463–473
AbuMweis S., Jew S., Tayyem R., Agraib L.: Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid containing supplements modulate risk factors for cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-control human clinical trials. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet., 2018; 31: 67–84
Aizawa K., Ageyama N., Yokoyama C., Hisatsune T.: Age-dependent alteration in hippocampal neurogenesis correlates with learning performance of macaque monkeys. Exp. Anim., 2009; 58: 403–407
Albanese E., Dangour A.D., Uauy R., Acosta D., Guerra M., Guerra S.S., Huang Y., Jacob K.S., de Rodriguez J.L., Noriega L.H., Salas A., Sosa A.L., Sousa R.M., Williams J., Ferri C.P., Prince M.J.: Dietary fish and meat intake and dementia in Latin America, China, and India: A 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2009; 90: 392–400
Alexander D.D., Miller P.E., Van Elswyk M.E., Kuratko C.N., Bylsma L.C.: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease risk. Mayo Clin. Proc., 2017; 92: 15–29
Ansari Z.: Homocysteine and mild cognitive impairment: Are these the tools for early intervention in the dementia spectrum? J. Nutr. Health Aging, 2016; 20: 155–160
Balachandar R., Soundararajan S., Bagepally B.S.: Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in age-related cognitive decline: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2020; 76: 639–648
Bendlin B.B., Fitzgerald M.E., Ries M.L., Xu G., Kastman E.K., Thiel B.W., Rowley H.A., Lazar M., Alexander A.L., Johnson S.C.: White matter in aging and cognition: A cross-sectional study of microstructure in adults aged eighteen to eighty-three. Dev. Neuropsychol., 2010; 35: 257–277
Beydoun M.A., Kaufman J.S., Satia J.A., Rosamond W., Folsom A.R.: Plasma n-3 fatty acids and the risk of cognitive decline in older adults: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2007; 85: 1103–1111
Biagi E., Nylund L., Candela M., Ostan R., Bucci L., Pini E., Nikkïla J., Monti D., Satokari R., Franceschi C., Brigidi P., De Vos W.: Through ageing, and beyond: Gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. PLoS One, 2010; 5: e10667
Cao D., Kevala K., Kim J., Moon H.S., Jun S.B., Lovinger D., Kim H.Y.: Docosahexaenoic acid promotes hippocampal neuronal development and synaptic function. J. Neurochem., 2009; 111: 510–521
Cherubini A., Andres-Lacueva C., Martin A., Lauretani F., Iorio A.D., Bartali B., Corsi A., Bandinelli S., Mattson M.P., Ferrucci L.: Low plasma N-3 fatty acids and dementia in older persons: The InCHIANTI study. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 2007; 62: 1120–1126
Chhetri J.K., de Souto Barreto P., Soriano G., Gennero I., Cantet C., Vellas B.: Vitamin D, homocysteine and n-3PUFA status according to physical and cognitive functions in older adults with subjective memory complaint: Results from cross-sectional study of the MAPT trial. Exp. Gerontol., 2018; 111: 71–77
Chin A.V., Robinson D.J., O’Connell H., Hamilton F., Bruce I., Coen R., Walsh B., Coakley D., Molloy A., Scott J., Lawlor B.A., Cunningham C.J.: Vascular biomarkers of cognitive performance in a community-based elderly population: The Dublin Healthy Ageing study. Age Ageing, 2008; 37: 559–564
Chouinard-Watkins R., Rioux-Perreault C., Fortier M., Tremblay-Mercier J., Zhang Y., Lawrence P., Vohl M.C., Perron P., Lorrain D., Brenna J.T., Cunnane S.C., Plourde M.: Disturbance in uniformly 13C-labelled DHA metabolism in elderly human subjects carrying the apoE ε4 allele. Br. J. Nutr., 2013; 110: 1751–1759
Ciappolino V., Mazzocchi A., Botturi A., Turolo S., Delvecchio G., Agostoni C., Brambilla P.: The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cognitive functions in psychiatric disorders. Nutrients, 2019; 11: 769
Daiello L.A., Gongvatana A., Dunsiger S., Cohen R.A., Ott B.R., Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: Association of fish oil supplement use with preservation of brain volume and cognitive function. Alzheimers Dement., 2015; 11: 226–235
Dangour A.D., Allen E., Elbourne D., Fletcher A., Richards M., Uauy R.: Fish consumption and cognitive function among older people in the UK: Baseline data from the OPAL study. J. Nutr. Health Aging, 2009; 13: 198–202
de Oliveira Otto M.C., Wu J.H., Thacker E.L., Lai H., Lemaitre R.N., McKnight B., Padhye N., Song X., King I.B., Lopez O., Siscovick D., Mozaffarian D.: Longitudinal associations of omega-6 and omega-3 plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids with dementia in older adults: The cardiovascular health study. Circulation, 2019; 139: A046
Dyall S.C., Michael G.J., Michael-Titus A.T.: Omega-3 fatty acids reverse age-related decreases in nuclear receptors and increase neurogenesis in old rats. J. Neurosci. Res., 2010; 88: 2091–2102
Fairbairn P., Tsofliou F., Johnson A., Dyall S.C.: Effects of a high-DHA multi-nutrient supplement and exercise on mobility and cognition in older women (MOBILE): A randomised semi-blinded placebo-controlled study. Br. J. Nutr., 2020; 124: 146–155
Gorelick P.B.: Role of inflammation in cognitive impairment: Results of observational epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2010; 1207: 155–162
Green K.N., Martinez-Coria H., Khashwji H., Hall E.B., Yurko-Mauro K.A., Ellis L., LaFerla F.M.: Dietary docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid ameliorate amyloid-β and tau pathology via a mechanism involving presenilin 1 levels. J. Neurosci., 2007; 27: 4385–4395
Hafkemeijer A., Altmann-Schneider I., de Craen A.J., Slagboom P.E., van der Grond J., Rombouts S.A.: Associations between age and gray matter volume in anatomical brain networks in middle-aged to older adults. Aging Cell, 2014; 13: 1068–1074
Harrison S.L., de Craen A.J., Kerse N., Teh R., Granic A., Davies K., Wesnes K.A., den Elzen W.P., Gussekloo J., Kirkwood T.B., Robinson L., Jagger C., Siervo M., Stephan B.C.: Predicting risk of cognitive decline in very old adults using three models: The Framingham Stroke risk profile; the cardiovascular risk factors, aging, and dementia model; and oxi-inflammatory biomarkers. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 2017; 65: 381–389
He C., Qu X., Cui L., Wang J., Kang J.X.: Improved spatial learning performance of fat-1 mice is associated with enhanced neurogenesis and neuritogenesis by docosahexaenoic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2009; 106: 11370–11375
Hooijmans C.R., Pasker-de Jong P.C., de Vries R.B., Ritskes-Hoitinga M.: The effects of long-term omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cognition and Alzheimer’s pathology in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2012; 28: 191–209
Howe P.R., Evans H.M., Kuszewski J.C., Wong R.H.: Effects of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain function in mildly hypertensive older adults. Nutrients, 2018; 10: 1413
Huang T., Wahlqvist M.L., Li D.: Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on gene expression of the critical enzymes involved in homocysteine metabolism. Nutr. J., 2012; 11: 6
Jiao J., Li Q., Chu J., Zeng W., Yang M., Zhu S.: Effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on cognitive function throughout the life span from infancy to old age: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2014; 100: 1422–1436
Kim H.L., Kim D.K., Kang S.W., Park Y.K.: Association of nutrient intakes with cognitive function in Koreans aged 50 years and older. Clin. Nutr. Res., 2018; 7: 199–212
Kim J., Park M.H., Kim E., Han C., Jo S.A., Jo I.: Plasma homocysteine is associated with the risk of mild cognitive impairment in an elderly Korean population. J. Nutr., 2007; 137: 2093–2097
Kolan M.: Zaburzenia funkcji poznawczych a choroby niedokrwienne mózgu. W: Neurokognitywistyka w patologii i zdrowiu 2009–2011, red.: I. Kojder. Wydawnictwo Pomorskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego, Szczecin 2011, 94–105
Kröger E., Verreault R., Carmichael P.H., Lindsay J., Julien P., Dewailly E., Ayotte P., Laurin D.: Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of dementia: The Canadian study of health and aging. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2009; 90: 184–192
Kume A., Kurotani K., Sato M., Ejima Y., Pham N.M., Nanri A., Kuwahara K., Mizoue T.: Polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum and homocysteine concentrations in Japanese men and women: A cross-sectional study. Nutr. Metab., 2013; 10: 41
Ledesma M.D., Martin M.G., Dotti C.G.: Lipid changes in the aged brain: Effect on synaptic function and neuronal survival. Prog. Lipid. Res., 2012; 51: 23–35
Lopez L.B., Kritz-Silverstein D., Barrett Connor E.: High dietary and plasma levels of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid are associated with decreased dementia risk: The Rancho Bernardo study. J. Nutr. Health Aging, 2011; 15: 25–31
Lu Z.H., Li J., Li X.L., Ding M., Mao C.J., Zhu X.Y., Liu C.F.: Hypertension with hyperhomocysteinemia increases the risk of early cognitive impairment after first-ever ischemic stroke. Eur. Neurol., 2019; 82: 75–85
Ma F., Zhou X., Li Q., Zhao J., Song A., An P., Du Y., Xu W., Huang G.: Effects of folic acid and vitamin B12, alone and in combination on cognitive function and inflammatory factors in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment: A single-blind experimental design. Curr. Alzheimer Res., 2019; 16: 622–632
Manders M., Vasse E., de Groot L.C., van Staveren W.A., Bindels J.G., Blom H.J., Hoefnagels W.H.: Homocysteine and cognitive function in institutionalised elderly A cross-sectional analysis. Eur. J. Nutr., 2006; 45: 70–78
McNamara R.K., Kalt W., Shidler M.D., McDonald J., Summer S.S., Stein A.L., Stover A.N., Krikorian R.: Cognitive response to fish oil, blueberry, and combined supplementation in older adults with subjective cognitive impairment. Neurobiol. Aging, 2018; 64: 147–156
Mora F., Segovia G., del Arco A.: Aging, plasticity and environmental enrichment: Structural changes and neurotransmitter dynamics in several areas of the brain. Brain Res. Rev., 2007; 55: 78–88
Noble J.M., Manly J.J., Schupf N., Tang M.X., Mayeux R., Luchsinger J.A.: Association of C-reactive protein with cognitive impairment. Arch. Neurol., 2010; 67: 87–92
Otsuka R., Tange C., Nishita Y., Kato Y., Imai T., Ando F., Shimokata H.: Serum docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid and risk of cognitive decline over 10 years among elderly Japanese. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 2014; 68: 503–509
Peng H.Y., Man C.F., Xu J., Fan Y.: Elevated homocysteine levels and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B, 2015; 16: 78–86
Pobrotyn P., Susło R., Witczak I.T., Rypicz L., Drobnik J.: An analysis of the costs of treating aged patients in a large clinical hospital in Poland under the pressure of recent demographic trends. Arch. Med. Sci., 2020; 16: 666–671
Qin B., Plassman B.L., Edwards L.J., Popkin B.M., Adair L.S., Mendez M.A.: Fish intake is associated with slower cognitive decline in Chinese older adults. J. Nutr., 2014; 144: 1579–1585
Reitz C., Tang M.X., Miller J., Green R., Luchsinger J.A.: Plasma homocysteine and risk of mild cognitive impairment. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord., 2009; 27: 11–17
Robson L.G., Dyall S., Sidloff D., Michael-Titus A.T.: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase the neurite outgrowth of rat sensory neurones throughout development and in aged animals. Neurobiol. Aging, 2010; 31: 678–687
Santangeli P., Di Biase L., Bai R., Mohanty S., Pump A., Cereceda Brantes M., Horton R., Burkhardt J.D., Lakkireddy D., Reddy Y.M., Casella M., Dello Russo A., Tondo C., Natale A.: Atrial fibrillation and the risk of incident dementia: A meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm, 2012; 9: 1761–1768
Serini S., Bizzarro A., Piccioni E., Fasano E., Rossi C., Lauria A., Cittadini A.R., Masullo C., Calviello G.: EPA and DHA differentially affect in vitro inflammatory cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Alzheimer’s patients. Curr. Alzheimer Res., 2012; 9: 913–923
Stephan B.C.M., Harrison S.L., Keage H.A.D., Babateen A., Robinson L., Siervo M.: Cardiovascular disease, the nitric oxide pathway and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Curr. Cardiol. Rep., 2017; 19: 87
Sun G.Y., Simonyi A., Fritsche K.L., Chuang D.Y., Hannink M., Gu Z., Greenlief C.M., Yao J.K., Lee J.C., Beversdorf D.Q.: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): An essential nutrient and a nutraceutical for brain health and diseases. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 2018; 136: 3–13
Szponar L., Mojska H., Ołtarzewski Ł., Piotrowska K.: Tłuszcze. W: Normy żywienia dla populacji Polski, red.: M. Jarosz. Instytut Żywności i Żywienia, Warszawa 2017, 56–75
Tan J.H., Abdin E., Shahwan S., Zhang Y., Sambasivam R., Vaingankar J.A., Mahendran R., Chua H.C., Chong S.A., Subramaniam M.: Happiness and cognitive impairment among older adults: Investigating the mediational roles of disability, depression, social contact frequency, and loneliness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2019; 16: 4954
van de Rest O., Spiro A. 3rd, Krall-Kaye E., Geleijnse J.M., de Groot L.C., Tucker K.L.: Intakes of (n-3) fatty acids and fatty fish are not associated with cognitive performance and 6-year cognitive change in men participating in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. J. Nutr., 2009; 139: 2329–2336
van Gelder B.M., Tijhuis M., Kalmijn S., Kromhout D.: Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in elderly men: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2007; 85: 1142–1147
Virtanen J.K., Siscovick D.S., Lemaitre R.N., Longstreth W.T., Spiegelman D., Rimm E.B., King I.B., Mozaffarian D.: Circulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2013; 2: e000305
Wróblewska I., Zborowska I., Dąbek A., Susło R., Wróblewska Z., Drobnik J.: Health status, health behaviors, and the ability to perform everyday activities in Poles aged ≥65 years staying in their home environment. Clin. Interv. Aging, 2018; 13: 355–363
Wu A., Ying Z., Gomez-Pinilla F.: Docosahexaenoic acid dietary supplementation enhances the effects of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Neuroscience, 2008; 155: 751–759
Wu S., Ding Y., Wu F., Li R., Hou J., Mao P.: Omega-3 fatty acids intake and risks of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2015; 48: 1–9
Yassine H.N., Rawat V., Mack W.J., Quinn J.F., Yurko-Mauro K., Bailey-Hall E., Aisen P.S., Chui H.C., Schneider L.S.: The effect of APOE genotype on the delivery of DHA to cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res. Ther., 2016; 8: 25
Yurko-Mauro K., Alexander D.D., Van Elswyk M.E.: Docosahexaenoic acid and adult memory: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2015; 10: e0120391
Zhang Y., Chen J., Qiu J., Li Y., Wang J., Jiao J.: Intakes of fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids and mild-to-severe cognitive impairment risks: A dose-response meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2016; 103: 330–340