Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Do Mobile Learning Experiences Affect College Students’ Online Learning Readiness? Cover

Do Mobile Learning Experiences Affect College Students’ Online Learning Readiness?

By:  and    
Open Access
|Nov 2025

References

  1. Adarkwah, M. A. (2021). “I’m not against online teaching, but what about us?”: ICT in Ghana post COVID-19. Education and Information Technologies, 26(2), 16651685. 10.1007/s10639-020-10331-z
  2. Altinpulluk, H., Kilinc, H., Alptekin, G., Yildirim, Y., & Yumurtaci, O. (2023). Self-directed learning and intrinsic motivation levels in moocs. Open Praxis, 15(2), 149161. 10.55982/openpraxis.15.2.556
  3. Arain, A. A., Hussain, Z., Rizvi, W. H., & Vighio, M. S. (2017). An analysis of the influence of a mobile learning application on the learning outcomes of Higher Education Students. Universal Access in the Information Society, 17(2), 325334. 10.1007/s10209-017-0551-y
  4. Arbaugh, J. B. (2000). Virtual classroom characteristics and student satisfaction with Internet-based MBA courses. Journal of Management Education, 24(1), 3254. 10.1177/105256290002400104
  5. Armstrong, D., Gosling, A., Weinman, J., & Marteau, T. (1997). The place of inter-rater reliability in qualitative research: An empirical study. Sociology, 31(3), 597606. 10.1177/0038038597031003015
  6. Bartholomew, S. R., Reeve, E., Veon, R., Goodridge, W., Lee, V., & Nadelson, L. (2017). Relationships between access to mobile devices, student self-directed learning, and achievement. Journal of Technology Education, 29(1), 224. 10.21061/jte.v29i1.a.1
  7. Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 814. 10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
  8. Boticki, I., Baksa, J., Seow, P., & Looi, C. K. (2015). Exploring self-directed learning and the role of virtual badges in a Mobile Social Learning Platform. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 9(4), 289300. 10.1504/ijmlo.2015.074518
  9. Boyinbode, O., Bagula A., & Ng’ambi, D. (2012). A mobile learning application for delivering educational resources to mobile devices, International Conference on Information Society, London, UK, 120125. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6285060
  10. Boztaş, G. D., Berigel, M., Altınay, F., & Altınay, Z. (2025). Learning modalities shaped by digital transformation in distance education: A bibliometric analysis of trends and reflections (2017–2023). Open Praxis, 17(2), 349362. 10.55982/openpraxis.17.2.837
  11. Cheon, J., Lee, S., Crooks, S. M., & Song, J. (2012). An investigation of Mobile Learning Readiness in higher education based on the theory of planned behavior. Computers & Education, 59(3), 10541064. 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.015
  12. Cheung, W. S., & Hew, K. F. (2009). A review of research methodologies used in studies on mobile handheld devices in K-12 and higher education settings. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 25(2), 153183. 10.14742/ajet.1148
  13. Chiang, T.-W., Yang, C.-Y., Chiou, G.-J., Lin, F. Y.-S., Lin, Y.-N., Shen, V. R., Juang, T. T.-Y., & Lin, C.-Y. (2022). Development and evaluation of an attendance tracking system using smartphones with GPS and NFC. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 36(1). 10.1080/08839514.2022.2083796
  14. Chien, C.-W. (2016). Taiwanese EFL undergraduates’ self-regulated learning with and without technology. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 13(1), 116. 10.1080/17501229.2016.1264076
  15. Chung, E., Noor, N. M., & Vloreen Nity Mathew. (2020). Are You Ready? An Assessment of Online Learning Readiness among University Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 9(1), 301317. 10.6007/IJARPED/v9-i4/8177
  16. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155159. 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
  17. Cole, R. (2023). Inter-rater reliability methods in qualitative case study research. Sociological Methods & Research, 53(4), 19441975. 10.1177/00491241231156971
  18. Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 522. 10.1177/0047239520934018
  19. Donitsa-Schmidt, S., & Ramot, R. (2020). Opportunities and challenges: Teacher education in Israel in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 586595. 10.1080/02607476.2020.1799708
  20. Dwiyanti, K. E., Pratama, I. P., & Ines Marylena Candra Manik, N. P. (2020). Online learning readiness of junior high school students in Denpasar. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 7(2), 172188. 10.15408/ijee.v7i2.17773
  21. Eastin, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2000). Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1). 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00110.x
  22. Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107115. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
  23. Everaert, P., Opdecam, E., & Maussen, S. (2017). The relationship between motivation, learning approaches, academic performance and time spent. Accounting Education, 26(1), 78107. 10.1080/09639284.2016.1274911
  24. Fawaz, M., Al Nakhal, M., & Itani, M. (2022). COVID-19 quarantine stressors and management among Lebanese students: A qualitative study. Current Psychology, 41(11), 76287635. 10.1007/s12144-020-01307-w
  25. Fisher, S. L., Wasserman, M. E., & Orvis, K. A. (2010). Trainee reactions to learner control: An important link in the e-learning equation. International Journal of Training and Development, 14(3), 198208. 10.1111/j.1468-2419.2010.00352.x
  26. Fok, W. W., Lam, K. W., & Ho, P. C. (2018). Interactive mobile learning for self-directed learning of English language: A case study of a primary school in Hong Kong. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 8(7), 496501. 10.18178/ijiet.2018.8.7.1088
  27. Franchi, T. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on current Anatomy Education and future careers: A student’s perspective. Anatomical Sciences Education, 13(3), 312315. 10.1002/ase.1966
  28. Fusch, P., & Ness, L. (2015). Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 20(9), 14081416. 10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2281
  29. Gani, F., & van den Berg, G. (2024). Cultivating awareness: A framework for online learning in open distance learning. Open Praxis, 16(1), 5469. 10.55982/openpraxis.16.1.604
  30. Geng, S., Law, K. M., & Niu, B. (2019). Investigating self-directed learning and technology readiness in blending learning environment. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1). 10.1186/s41239-019-0147-0
  31. Gikas, J., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Mobile Computing Devices in higher education: Student perspectives on learning with cellphones, Smartphones & Social Media. The Internet and Higher Education, 19, 1826. 10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.06.002
  32. Harrington, R., & Loffredo, D. A. (2010). MBTI personality type and other factors that relate to preference for online versus face-to-face instruction. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(1), 8995. 10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.11.006
  33. He, J., & Freeman, L. A. (2010). Understanding the formation of general computer self-efficacy. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 26(12), 225244. 10.17705/1cais.02612
  34. Ho, I. M., Cheong, K. Y., & Weldon, A. (2021). Predicting student satisfaction of emergency remote learning in higher education during COVID-19 using Machine Learning Techniques. PLoS ONE, 16(4). 10.1371/journal.pone.0249423
  35. Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 12771288. 10.1177/1049732305276687
  36. Hughes, M. G., Day, E. A., Wang, X., Schuelke, M. J., Arsenault, M. L., Harkrider, L. N., & Cooper, O. D. (2013). Learner-controlled practice difficulty in the training of a complex task: Cognitive and motivational mechanisms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(1), 8098. 10.1037/a0029821
  37. Hung, M.-L., Chou, C., Chen, C.-H., & Own, Z.-Y. (2010). Learner readiness for online learning: Scale development and student perceptions. Computers & Education, 55(3), 10801090. 10.1016/j.compedu.2010.05.004
  38. Jones, A. C., Scanlon, E., & Clough, G. (2013). Mobile learning: Two case studies of supporting inquiry learning in informal and semiformal settings. Computers & Education, 61, 2132. 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.08.008
  39. Joosten, T., & Cusatis, R. (2020). Online learning readiness. American Journal of Distance Education, 34(3), 180193. 10.1080/08923647.2020.1726167
  40. Jou, M., Lin, Y.-T., & Tsai, H.-C. (2015). Mobile app for motivation to learning: An engineering case. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(8), 20482057. 10.1080/10494820.2015.1075136
  41. Kang, B. (2021). How the COVID-19 pandemic is reshaping the education service. In J. Lee & S. H. Han (Eds.), The future of service post-COVID-19 pandemic: Vol. 1. The ICT and evolution of work (pp. 1536). Springer. 10.1007/978-981-33-4126-5_2
  42. Kumar Basak, S., Wotto, M., & Bélanger, P. (2018). E-learning, M-learning and D-learning: Conceptual definition and comparative analysis. E-Learning and Digital Media, 15(4), 191216. 10.1177/2042753018785180
  43. Lai, C. L., & Hwang, G. J. (2014). Effects of mobile learning time on students’ conception of collaboration, communication, complex problem-solving, meta-cognitive awareness and creativity. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 8(3/4), 276. 10.1504/ijmlo.2014.067029
  44. Lai, J.-Y., & Chang, L.-T. (2021). Impacts of augmented reality apps on first graders’ motivation and performance in English vocabulary learning. Sage Open, 11(4). 10.1177/21582440211047549
  45. Lee, P.-L., & Pang, V. (2014). The influence of motivational orientations on academic achievement among working adults in continuing education. International Journal of Training Research, 12(1), 515. 10.5172/ijtr.2014.12.1.5
  46. Li, K. C., Lee, L. Y.-K., Wong, S.-L., Yau, I. S.-Y., & Wong, B. T.-M. (2018). Effects of mobile apps for nursing students: Learning motivation, social interaction and study performance. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 33(2), 99114. 10.1080/02680513.2018.1454832
  47. Li, L., Zhang, R., & Piper, A. M. (2023). Predictors of student engagement and perceived learning in emergency online education amidst COVID-19: A Community of Inquiry Perspective. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 12, 100326. 10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100326
  48. Maforah, N., & Leburu-Masigo, G. (2018). Application of the mixed methods research using sequential explanatory design. ICERI Proceedings, 1, 97109715. 10.21125/iceri.2018.0797
  49. Martin, F., & Bolliger, D. U. (2022). Developing an online learner satisfaction framework in higher education through a systematic review of research. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19, 50. 10.1186/s41239-022-00355-5
  50. Martin, F., Oyarzun, B., & Sadaf, A. (2023). Higher education instructor perception of helpfulness of inclusive and equitable online teaching strategies. Online Learning, 27(4). 10.24059/olj.v27i4.4019
  51. Murad, M. H., Coto-Yglesias, F., Varkey, P., Prokop, L. J., & Murad, A. L. (2010). The effectiveness of self-directed learning in health professions education: A systematic review. Medical Education, 44(11), 10571068. 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03750.x
  52. Muthuprasad, T., Aiswarya, S., Aditya, K. S., & Jha, G. K. (2021). Students’ perception and preference for online education in India during COVID-19 pandemic. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), 100101. 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100101
  53. Ong, C.-S., Lai, J.-Y., & Wang, Y.-S. (2004). Factors affecting engineers’ acceptance of asynchronous e-learning systems in high-tech companies. Information & Management, 41(6), 795804. 10.1016/j.im.2003.08.012
  54. Ortiz, D. (reviewed by Greene, J.) (2007). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Qualitative Research Journal, 6(2), 205207. 10.3316/qrj0602205
  55. Pillay, H., Irving, K., & Tones, M. (2007). Validation of the diagnostic tool for assessing tertiary students’ readiness for online learning. Higher Education Research & Development, 26(2), 217234. 10.1080/07294360701310821
  56. Pituch, K. A., & Lee, Y. (2006). The influence of system characteristics on e-learning use. Computers & Education, 47(2), 222244. 10.1016/j.compedu.2004.10.007
  57. Potter, W. J., & Levine-Donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27(3), 258284. 10.1080/00909889909365539
  58. Rafique, G. M., Mahmood, K., Warraich, N. F., & Rehman, S. U. (2021). Readiness for online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of pakistani lis students. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(3), 102346. 10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102346
  59. Ramazanoglu, M., Gurel, S., & Cetin, A. (2022). The development of an online learning readiness scale for high school students. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 9(Special Issue), 126145. 10.21449/ijate.1125823
  60. Ramli, N., Muljono, P., & Afendi, F. M. (2018). External factors, internal factors and self-directed learning readiness. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 5(1), 3742. 10.20448/journal.509.2018.51.37.42
  61. Rashid, T., & Asghar, H. M. (2016). Technology use, self-directed learning, student engagement and academic performance: Examining the interrelations. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 604612. 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.084
  62. Rasmitadila, R., Aliyyah, R. R., Rachmadtullah, R., Samsudin, A., Syaodih, E., Nurtanto, M., & Tambunan, A. R. (2020). The perceptions of primary school teachers of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period: A case study in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 90109. 10.29333/ejecs/388
  63. Razzaq, A., Samiha, Y. T., & Anshari, M. (2018). Smartphone habits and behaviors in supporting students self-efficacy. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 13(02), 94. 10.3991/ijet.v13i02.7685
  64. Rizun, M., & Strzelecki, A. (2020). Students’ acceptance of the covid-19 impact on shifting higher education to distance learning in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6468. 10.3390/ijerph17186468
  65. Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85109. 10.1177/1525822x02239569
  66. Sari, A. M., & Nurcahyo, H. (2018). Improving students learning motivation through Mobile Learning. JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia), 4(3), 271276. 10.22219/jpbi.v4i3.6859
  67. Schunk, D. H. (2012). Social cognitive theory. In K. R. Harris, S. Graham, T. Urdan, C. B. McCormick, G. M. Sinatra, & J. Sweller (Eds.), APA educational psychology handbook, Vol. 1: Theories, constructs, and critical issues (pp. 101123). American Psychological Association. 10.1037/13273-005
  68. Shank, D. B., & Cotten, S. R. (2014). Does technology empower urban youth? the relationship of technology use to self-efficacy. Computers & Education, 70, 184193. 10.1016/j.compedu.2013.08.018
  69. Sivo, S. A., Pan, C. C., & Hahs-Vaughn, D. L. (2007). Combined longitudinal effects of attitude and subjective norms on student outcomes in a web-enhanced course: A structural equation modeling approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(5), 861875. 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00672.x
  70. Soffer, T., Kahan, T., & Nachmias, R. (2019). Patterns of students’ utilization of flexibility in online academic courses and their relation to course achievement. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 20(3). 10.19173/irrodl.v20i4.3949
  71. Song, L., & Hill, J. R. (2007). A conceptual model for understanding self-directed learning in online environments. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 6(1), 2742. https://www.ncolr.org/jiol/issues/pdf/6.1.3.pdf
  72. Sorgenfrei, C., & Smolnik, S. (2016). The effectiveness of E-Learning Systems: A review of the empirical literature on Learner Control. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 14(2), 154184. 10.1111/dsji.12095
  73. Talysheva, I., Pegova, K., & Khaliullina, L. (2021). The use of electronic educational resources of the university as a means of increasing the educational motivation of students. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 16(01), 289. 10.3991/ijet.v16i01.16799
  74. Traxler, J. (2018). Mobile learning: The philosophical challenges, problems and implications of defining and theorising. Progressio, 39(1), 1733. 10.25159/0256-8853/1785
  75. Turan, Z., Küçük, S., & Cillığol Karabey, S. (2022). The university students’ self-regulated effort, flexibility and satisfaction in distance education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 35. 10.1186/s41239-022-00342-w
  76. Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F. (2008). Sources of self-efficacy in school: Critical review of the literature and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 751796. 10.3102/0034654308321456
  77. Wang, M., & Degol, J. (2014). Staying engaged: Knowledge and research needs in student engagement. Child Development Perspectives, 8(3), 137143. 10.1111/cdep.12073
  78. Xodabande, I., & Atai, M. R. (2020). Using mobile applications for self-directed learning of academic vocabulary among university students. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 37(4), 330347. 10.1080/02680513.2020.1847061
Language: English
Page range: 785 - 802
Submitted on: Apr 6, 2025
Accepted on: Oct 9, 2025
Published on: Nov 25, 2025
Published by: International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2025 Shang Li, Wenhao Huang, published by International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.