Table 1
Summary of studies on the epidemiology of yips in professional golfers.
| STUDY VARIABLE | MCDANIEL ET AL. 1989 [18] | SMITH ET AL. 2000 [19] | KLäMPFL ET AL. 2015 [21] | GON ET AL. 2021 [20] | VAN WENSEN ET AL. 2021 [22] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | USA | USA | Germany | Japan | Netherlands |
| Mode of recruitment | Questionnaire (mailed to 1050) | Questionnaire (mailed to 2630) | Questionnaire (accessed online) | Questionnaire (mailed to 1576) | Questionnaire (mailed to 912) |
| Eligibility | PGA, USGA, LPGA | Based on golf skill Men-HCP < 10 Women HCP < 12 | Subsample analyzed Men-HCP < 10 Women HCP < 12 | PGA (Japan) and KGU members | Members (age > 18yr) of Rosendaelsche golf club, Netherlands |
| Response rate (%) | *34.3% (M: 42%, F: 10%) | 39% | 29.7% | 92.2% | 26% |
| % affected with Yips | 28% | 53.5% | 45.2% | 39% | 22% |
| Age (years) | |||||
| Yips | 50.5 | 45.2 | 41.2 ± 14.1 | 48 | 61.7 ± 12.5 |
| No yips | 47.5 | 47.4 | 37.1 ± 11.9 | 47 | 60.7 ± 12.0 |
| Golf experience (years) | |||||
| Yips | 35.6 | 30.4 | 17.7 ± 9.7 | 30 | 29.5 ± 13.9 |
| No yips | 31 | 30.8 | 12.8 ± 8.8 | 27 | 23.5 ± 11.8 |
[i] F: Female, HCP: Handicap index, KGU: Kansai Golf Union, LPGA: Ladies Professional Golfers’ Association, M: Male, PGA: Professional Golfers’ Association, USGA: United States Golf Association.
* Data of only males were included for final analysis.
Table 2
Summary of case reports/series on runners’ dystonia.
| AUTHORS | CASES | AGE | AAO | SEX | LIMB | CLINICAL FEATURES | ALLEVIATING MANEUVERS | TREATMENT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu and Jankovic 2006 [5] | 1 | 40 | 37 | F | L | Foot flexion and knee extension | Walking on heel or walking backwards with partially flexed knee | Carbamazepine |
| 2 | 49 | 40 | F | L | Knee buckling, knee extension and hip flexion | Touching the left hip, sitting with back touching a chair, walking on heels | BoNT | |
| 3 | 58 | 46 | F | L | Foot inversion 20 min After running, knee extension, foot eversion | None | Levodopa | |
| 4 | 30 | 20 | M | L | Knee extension and foot Inversion | Walking backwards | THP | |
| 5 | 46 | 44 | M | R | Plantar flexion | None | BoNT | |
| Leveille and Clement 2008 [43] | 1 | 57 | 55 | F | L | Flexion of 2nd to 5th toes and forefoot while Running (later, with walking cycling, and swimming) | Details NA | BoNT |
| 2 | 40 | 30 | M | R | Supination of foot with Long distance running | Details NA | BoNT | |
| Suzuki et al. 2011 [41] | 1 | 59 | 54 | M | L | Tilting of trunk and neck to the left while running in counter-clock direction on running tracks | Holding hands over the head, running in clockwise direction, running forwards and imagining that he is running in clockwise direction | Details NA |
| McClinton and Heiderscheit 2012 [45] | 1 | 56 | 53 | M | L | Left knee flexion resulting in short stride length | walking on beach, pressure on the hip | Clonazepam, BoNT |
| Ramdhani and Frucht 2013 [42] | 1 | 24 | 20 | F | L | Inversion and plantar flexion | walking backwards | None |
| 2 | 33 | 31 | F | R | Sustained foot inversion | walking backwards Taking side steps in both directions | None | |
| 3 | 27 | 22 | F | L | Inversion and plantar flexion | walking backwards, imagination of walking backwards | None | |
| Lee et al. 2021 [44] | 1 | 51 | NA | M | L | Posturing of head towards right and upward deviation of chin while running | None | BoNT |
[i] AAO: Age at onset, BoNT: Botulinum neurotoxin, F: Female, L: Left, M: Male, NA: Not available, R: Right, THP: Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride.
Table 3
Summary of reports on dystonia in sports other than golf and running.
| AUTHOR | AGE/GENDER/SPORT HANDEDNESS | MANIFESTATION | ALLEVIATING MANEUVERS | IMPAIRMENT OF OTHER ACTIVITIES | TREATMENT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mayer et al. 1999 [48] | 34/M/tennis/L | Abrupt impairment of movements in the cocking phase, interrupting adducting movements while serving, unable to lift the racquet behind the head | None | Writing | BoNT, THP |
| Le Floch et al. 2002 [52] | 21/M/table tennis/R | Involuntary elbow flexion while serving. Elevation and adduction of shoulder while serving and while executing forehand strokes | Yes | Daily activities requiring elbow flexion | Not mentioned |
| Lagueny et al. 2002 [49] | 52/M/petanque/R | Freezing of shoulder flexion while throwing boule at a target | None | None | Not mentioned |
| 56/M/petanque/R | Freezing of shoulder flexion while throwing boule at a target | None | None | Not mentioned | |
| Sitburana and Ondo 2007 [50] | 64/M/pistol/R | Right forearm tightness and hand twisting after holding the pistol (exam- pronation and flexion of forearm) | NA | None | BoNT |
| Asahi et al. 2016 [51] | 20/F/table tennis/L | Flexion of left wrist, first with forehand and later with backhand shots | None | Elevation of left elbow while using chopstick or while operating cell phone | VO thalamotomy |
| Smilowska et al. 2018 [53] | 57/M/billiards/R | Right upper limb stiffness, Anti-flexion of shoulder, Movement arrest | Yes | None | BoNT |
| Lee et al. 2021 [54] | 52/M/billiards/R | Feeling of arm being “locked” while trying to strike a ball extending the the elbow. EMG showed co-contraction of deltoid and triceps immediately after the bicep contraction when pulling the cue backward | None | None | BoNT (poor response) |
| Nakane et al. 2018 [55] | 15/M/baseball/R | Anteflexion and stiffness of Right shoulder. Elbow Flexion associated with adduction and elevation of the shoulder | Yes | Activities requiring the movement of right upper extremity | MAB |
| 41/M/baseball/R | Jerking of right shoulder, bending and moving of right upper limb away from the midline | Yes | None | BoNT |
[i] BoNT: Botulinum neurotoxin, EMG: Electromyogram, F: Female, L: Left, M: Male, MAB: Muscle afferent block, R: Right, THP: Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, VO: Ventrooralis.