Essential Tremor and Digital Biomarkers: A Scoping Review Using the TRACE Framework to Map Readiness for Clinical Trials and Routine Practice
References
- Louis ED, Ferreira JJ. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2010;25(5):534–541. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22838
- Louis ED, McCreary M. How Common is Essential Tremor? Update on the Worldwide Prevalence of Essential Tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2021;11:
28 . DOI: 10.5334/tohm.632 - Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, Elble RJ, Hallett M, Louis ED, et al. Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Movement Disorders. 2018;33(1):75–87. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27121
- Rábano-Suárez P, Del Campo N, Benatru I, Moreau C, Desjardins C, Sánchez-Ferro Á, et al. Digital Outcomes as Biomarkers of Disease Progression in Early Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Mov Disord. 2025;40(2):184–203. DOI: 10.1002/mds.30056
- Del Din S, Kirk C, Yarnall AJ, Rochester L, Hausdorff JM. Body-Worn Sensors for Remote Monitoring of Parkinson’s Disease Motor Symptoms: Vision, State of the Art, and Challenges Ahead. J Parkinsons Dis. 2021;11(s1):S35–S47. DOI: 10.3233/JPD-202471
- Mostile G, Fekete R, Giuffrida JP, Yaltho T, Davidson A, Nicoletti A, et al. Amplitude fluctuations in essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(7):859–863. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.04.019
- Elble R, Bain P, Forjaz MJ, Haubenberger D, Testa C, Goetz CG, et al. Task force report: scales for screening and evaluating tremor: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2013;28(13):1793–1800. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25648
- Ondo W, Hashem V, LeWitt PA, Pahwa R, Shih L, Tarsy D, et al. Comparison of the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Clinical Rating Scale and the Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2018;5(1):60–65. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12560
- Shaikh AG, Jinnah HA, Tripp RM, Optican LM, Ramat S, Lenz FA, et al. Irregularity distinguishes limb tremor in cervical dystonia from essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(2):187–189. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.131110
- Hossen A, Muthuraman M, Al-Hakim Z, Raethjen J, Deuschl G, Heute U. Discrimination of Parkinsonian tremor from essential tremor using statistical signal characterization of the spectrum of accelerometer signal. Biomed Mater Eng. 2013;23(6):513–531. DOI: 10.3233/BME-130773
- Woods AM, Nowostawski M, Franz EA, Purvis M. Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor classification on mobile device. Pervasive and Mobile Computing. 2014;13:1–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmcj.2013.10.002
- Wile DJ, Ranawaya R, Kiss ZH. Smart watch accelerometry for analysis and diagnosis of tremor. J Neurosci Methods. 2014;230:1–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.04.021
- Thanawattano C, Pongthornseri R, Anan C, Dumnin S, Bhidayasiri R. Temporal fluctuations of tremor signals from inertial sensor: a preliminary study in differentiating Parkinson’s disease from essential tremor. Biomed Eng Online. 2015;14:
101 . DOI: 10.1186/s12938-015-0098-1 - Ghassemi NH, Marxreiter F, Pasluosta CF, Kugler P, Schlachetzki J, Schramm A, et al. Combined accelerometer and EMG analysis to differentiate essential tremor from Parkinson’s disease. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc.
2016 ;2016:672–675. DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2016.7590791 - di Biase L, Brittain JS, Shah SA, Pedrosa DJ, Cagnan H, Mathy A, et al. Tremor stability index: a new tool for differential diagnosis in tremor syndromes. Brain. 2017;140(7):1977–1986. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx104
- Kovalenko E, Talitckii A, Anikina A, Shcherbak A, Zimniakova O, Semenov M, et al. Distinguishing Between Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor Through Video Analytics Using Machine Learning: A Pilot Study. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2021;21(10):11916–11925. DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3035240
- Lin S, Gao C, Li H, Huang P, Ling Y, Chen Z, et al. Wearable sensor-based gait analysis to discriminate early Parkinson’s disease from essential tremor. J Neurol. 2023;270(4):2283–2301. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11577-6
- Buonocore J, Vescio B, De Maria M, Crasà M, Nisticò R, Arcuri PP, et al. RT-ring: a small wearable device for tremulous Parkinson’s disease diagnosis in primary care. Front Neurol. 2025;16:
1534205 . DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1534205 - Sanderson JB, Yu JH, Liu DD, Amaya D, Lauro PM, D’Abreu A, et al. Multi-Dimensional, Short-Timescale Quantification of Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor Motor Dysfunction. Front Neurol. 2020;11:
886 . DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00886 - Elias WJ, Lipsman N, Ondo William G, Ghanouni P, Kim Young G, Lee W, et al. A Randomized Trial of Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor. New England Journal of Medicine. 375(8):730–739. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600159
- Isaacson SH, Peckham E, Tse W, Waln O, Way C, Petrossian MT, et al. Prospective Home-use Study on Non-invasive Neuromodulation Therapy for Essential Tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2020;10:
29 . DOI: 10.5334/tohm.59 - Coravos A, Khozin S, Mandl KD. Developing and adopting safe and effective digital biomarkers to improve patient outcomes. npj Digital Medicine. 2019;2(1):
14 . DOI: 10.1038/s41746-019-0090-4 - Goldsack JC, Coravos A, Bakker JP, Bent B, Dowling AV, Fitzer-Attas C, et al. Verification, analytical validation, and clinical validation (V3): the foundation of determining fit-for-purpose for Biometric Monitoring Technologies (BioMeTs). npj Digital Medicine. 2020;3(1):
55 . DOI: 10.1038/s41746-020-0260-4 - Rochester L, Mazzà C, Mueller A, Caulfield B, McCarthy M, Becker C, et al. A Roadmap to Inform Development, Validation and Approval of Digital Mobility Outcomes: The Mobilise-D Approach. Digit Biomark. 2020;4(Suppl 1):13–27. DOI: 10.1159/000512513
- Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–473. DOI: 10.7326/M18-0850
- Elble R, Comella C, Fahn S, Hallett M, Jankovic J, Juncos JL, et al. Reliability of a new scale for essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2012;27(12):1567–1569. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25162
- Fahn S, Tolosa E, Marin C. Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor. 1988;2:271–280.
- Pulliam CL, Eichenseer SR, Goetz CG, Waln O, Hunter CB, Jankovic J, et al. Continuous in-home monitoring of essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(1):37–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.09.009
- Vittal P, Pulliam CL, Goetz CG, Ouyang B, Jankovic J, Ramirez-Castaneda JL, et al. Does Added Objective Tremor Monitoring Improve Clinical Outcomes in Essential Tremor Treatment? Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2018;5(1):96–98. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12554
- Zheng X, Vieira Campos A, Ordieres-Meré J, Balseiro J, Labrador Marcos S, Aladro Y. Continuous Monitoring of Essential Tremor Using a Portable System Based on Smartwatch. Front Neurol. 2017;8:
96 . DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00096 - Molparia B, Schrader BN, Cohen E, Wagner JL, Gupta SR, Gould S, et al. Combined accelerometer and genetic analysis to differentiate essential tremor from Parkinson’s disease. PeerJ. 2018;6:
e5308 . DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5308 - Brillman S, Colletta K, Borucki S, Lin PT, Waln O, Petrossian M, et al. Real-World Evidence of Transcutaneous Afferent Patterned Stimulation for Essential Tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2022;12:
27 . DOI: 10.5334/tohm.715 - McGurrin P, McNames J, Haubenberger D, Hallett M. Continuous Monitoring of Essential Tremor: Standards and Challenges. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2022;9(8):1094–1098. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13558
- Lu C, Khosla D, Kent A, Bronte-Stewart HM, Rosenbluth KH. Transcutaneous Afferent Patterned Stimulation for Essential Tremor: Real-World Evidence with Long Term Follow-Up. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2023;13:
29 . DOI: 10.5334/tohm.775 - Aladro Y, Martín-Ávila G, Vieira-Campos A, Labrador-Marcos S, Zheng X, Méndez-Burgos A, et al. Assessment of overall essential tremor severity by monitoring with a wearable inertial sensor in real-life settings: an exploratory study. Heliyon. 2025;11(13):
e43707 . DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e43707 - Baek H, Lockwood D, Obusez E, Poturalski M, Chen J, Nagel S, et al. Validation of tremor measurements using quantified drawing analysis in patients with essential tremor or Parkinson’s disease treated with MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 2024;92:
106085 . DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106085 - Dai D, Fernandes J, Kim H, Coetzer H. Comparative Effectiveness of Transcutaneous Afferent Patterned Stimulation Therapy for Essential Tremor: A Randomized Pragmatic Clinical Trial. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2023;13:
38 . DOI: 10.5334/tohm.798 - López-Blanco R, Velasco MA, Méndez-Guerrero A, Romero JP, Del Castillo MD, Serrano JI, et al. Essential tremor quantification based on the combined use of a smartphone and a smartwatch: The NetMD study. J Neurosci Methods. 2018;303:95–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.02.015
- Kwon Y-R, Eom GM, Ko J, Kim J. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL TREMOR DURING CLINICAL SPIRAL DRAWING TASK USING GYRO SENSORS. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology. 2021;21:
2140050 . DOI: 10.1142/S0219519421400509 - Haubenberger D, Kalowitz D, Nahab FB, Toro C, Ippolito D, Luckenbaugh DA, et al. Validation of digital spiral analysis as outcome parameter for clinical trials in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2011;26(11):2073–2080. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23808
- Elble RJ, Ellenbogen A. Digitizing Tablet and Fahn-Tolosa-Marín Ratings of Archimedes Spirals have Comparable Minimum Detectable Change in Essential Tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2017;7:
481 . DOI: 10.5334/tohm.344 - Suppa A, Asci F, Saggio G, Di Leo P, Zarezadeh Z, Ferrazzano G, et al. Voice Analysis with Machine Learning: One Step Closer to an Objective Diagnosis of Essential Tremor. Mov Disord. 2021;36(6):1401–1410. DOI: 10.1002/mds.28508
- Rajan R, Anandapadmanabhan R, Nageswaran S, Radhakrishnan V, Saini A, Krishnan S, et al. Automated analysis of pen-on-paper spirals for tremor detection, quantification, and differentiation. Annals of Movement Disorders. 2023;6(1). DOI: 10.4103/aomd.aomd_50_22
- Erdemli G, Murphy T, Walinsky S. Regulatory considerations for successful implementation of digital endpoints in clinical trials for drug development. NPJ Digit Med. 2025;8(1):
142 . DOI: 10.1038/s41746-025-01513-5 - Stangel M, Penner IK, Kallmann BA, Lukas C, Kieseier BC. Towards the implementation of ‘no evidence of disease activity’ in multiple sclerosis treatment: the multiple sclerosis decision model. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 2015;8(1):3–13. DOI: 10.1177/1756285614560733
- Teive HAG. Essential tremor: phenotypes. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2012;18:S140–S142. DOI: 10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70044-X
- Sastre-Bataller I, Campins-Romeu M, Marcos-Carrión A, Gutiérrez-Martín A, Conde-Sardón R, Losada-López M, et al. Gait Function after High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor: Searching for Technique Optimization. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2023;101(1):12–21. DOI: 10.1159/000527374
- Mikolaizak AS, Rochester L, Maetzler W, Sharrack B, Demeyer H, Mazzà C, et al. Connecting real-world digital mobility assessment to clinical outcomes for regulatory and clinical endorsement-the Mobilise-D study protocol. PLoS One. 2022;17(10):
e0269615 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269615 - Varghese J, Niewöhner S, Soto-Rey I, Schipmann-Miletić S, Warneke N, Warnecke T, et al. A Smart Device System to Identify New Phenotypical Characteristics in Movement Disorders. Front Neurol. 2019;10:
48 . DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00048 - Bilodeau M, Keen DA, Sweeney PJ, Shields RW, Enoka RM. Strength training can improve steadiness in persons with essential tremor. Muscle & Nerve. 2000;23(5):771–778. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(200005)23:5<;771::AID-MUS15>3.0.CO;2-9
- Louis ED, Yousefzadeh E, Barnes LF, Yu Q, Pullman SL, Wendt KJ. Validation of a portable instrument for assessing tremor severity in epidemiologic field studies. Movement Disorders. 2000;15(1):95–102. DOI: 10.1002/1531-8257(200001)15:1<;95::AID-MDS1015>3.0.CO;2-D
- Ondo W, Hunter C, Vuong KD, Schwartz K, Jankovic J. Gabapentin for essential tremor: A multiple-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Movement Disorders. 2000;15(4):678–682. DOI: 10.1002/1531-8257(200007)15:4<;678::AID-MDS1012>3.0.CO;2-0
- Wharrad HJ, Jefferson D. Distinguishing between physiological and essential tremor using discriminant and cluster analyses of parameters derived from the frequency spectrum. Human Movement Science. 2000;19(3):319–339. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-9457(00)00017-8
- O’Suilleabhain PE, Dewey RB,
Jr . Validation for tremor quantification of an electromagnetic tracking device. Mov Disord. 2001;16(2):265–271. DOI: 10.1002/mds.1064 - Obwegeser A, Uitti R, Witte R, Lucas J, Turk M, Wharen R. Quantitative and Qualitative Outcome Measures after Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation to Treat Disabling Tremors. Neurosurgery. 2001;48:274–281. discussion 81. DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200102000-00004
- Brennan KC, Jurewicz EC, Ford B, Pullman SL, Louis ED. Is essential tremor predominantly a kinetic or a postural tremor? A clinical and electrophysiological study. Movement Disorders. 2002;17(2):313–316. DOI: 10.1002/mds.10003
- Gironell A, Kulisevsky J, Lorenzo J, Barbanoj M, Pascual-Sedano B, Otermin P. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Cerebellum in Essential Tremor: A Controlled Study. Archives of Neurology. 2002;59(3):413–417. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.59.3.413
- Zeuner KE, Shoge RO, Goldstein SR, Dambrosia JM, Hallett M. Accelerometry to distinguish psychogenic from essential or parkinsonian tremor. Neurology. 2003;61(4):548–550. DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000076183.34915.CD
- Caligiuri MP, Tripp RM. A portable hand-held device for quantifying and standardizing tremor assessment. J Med Eng Technol. 2004;28(6):254–262. DOI: 10.1080/03091900410001658111
- Gironell A, Kulisevsky J, Pascual-Sedano B, Barbanoj M. Routine neurophysiologic tremor analysis as a diagnostic tool for essential tremor: a prospective study. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;21(6):446–450. DOI: 10.1097/00004691-200411000-00009
- Ushe M, Mink JW, Revilla FJ, Wernle A, Schneider Gibson P, McGee-Minnich L, et al. Effect of stimulation frequency on tremor suppression in essential tremor. Movement Disorders. 2004;19(10):1163–1168. DOI: 10.1002/mds.20231
- Bushara KO, Malik T, Exconde RE. The effect of levetiracetam on essential tremor. Neurology. 2005;64(6):1078–1080. DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000154596.21335.2E
- Frima N, Grünewald RA.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of topiramate in essential tremor . Clin Neuropharmacol. United States 2006;29:94–96. DOI: 10.1097/00002826-200603000-00007 - Gironell A, Kulisevsky J, Pascual-Sedano B, Flamarich D. Effect of amantadine in essential tremor: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2006;21(4):441–445. DOI: 10.1002/mds.20676
- Herzog J, Hamel W, Wenzelburger R, Pötter M, Pinsker MO, Bartussek J, et al. Kinematic analysis of thalamic versus subthalamic neurostimulation in postural and intention tremor. Brain. 2007;130(6):1608–1625. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm077
- Zesiewicz TA, Ward CL, Hauser RA, Sanchez-Ramos J, Staffetti JF, Sullivan KL. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of zonisamide (zonegran) in the treatment of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2007;22(2):279–282. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21282
- Zesiewicz TA, Ward CL, Hauser RA, Pease Campbell JA, Sullivan KL. Pregabalin (Lyrica) in the treatment of essential tremor. Movement Disorders. 2007;22(1):139–141. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21211
- Matsumoto Y, Tamura M, Fukumoto I, editors.
Development of pathological evaluating system of tremor disease by a tablet PC and accelerometers . World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7–12, 2009, Munich, Germany; 2009. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03885-3_131 - Costa J, González HA, Valldeoriola F, Gaig C, Tolosa E, Valls-Solé J. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of oscillatory repetitive movements in Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor. Movement Disorders. 2010;25(15):2577–2586. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23334
- Mostile G, Giuffrida JP, Adam OR, Davidson A, Jankovic J. Correlation between Kinesia system assessments and clinical tremor scores in patients with essential tremor. Movement Disorders. 2010;25(12):1938–1943. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23201
- Heldman DA, Jankovic J, Vaillancourt DE, Prodoehl J, Elble RJ, Giuffrida JP. Essential tremor quantification during activities of daily living. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(7):537–542. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.04.017
- Muthuraman M, Hossen A, Heute U, Deuschl G, Raethjen J. A new diagnostic test to distinguish tremulous Parkinson’s disease from advanced essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2011;26(8):1548–1552. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23672
- Šprdlík O, Hurák Z, Hoskovcová M, Ulmanová O, Růžička E. Tremor analysis by decomposition of acceleration into gravity and inertial acceleration using inertial measurement unit. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 2011;6(3):269–279. DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2010.09.004
- Uchida K, Hirayama M, Yamashita F, Hori N, Nakamura T, Sobue G. Tremor is attenuated during walking in essential tremor with resting tremor but not parkinsonian tremor. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2011;18(9):1224–1228. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.12.053
- de Haas S, Zoethout R, Van Dyck K, De Smet M, Rosen L, Murphy M, et al. The effects of TPA023, a GABAAα2,3 subtype-selective partial agonist, on essential tremor in comparison to alcohol. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2012;26(2):282–291. DOI: 10.1177/0269881111415731
- Wastensson G, Holmberg B, Johnels B, Barregard L. Quantitative methods for evaluating the efficacy of thalamic deep brain stimulation in patients with essential tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2013;3. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.131
- Bhidayasiri R, Petchrutchatachart S, Pongthornseri R, Anan C, Dumnin S, Thanawattano C. Low-Cost, 3-Dimension, Office-Based Inertial Sensors for Automated Tremor Assessment: Technical Development and Experimental Verification. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2014;4(2):273–282. DOI: 10.3233/JPD-130311
- Gironell A, Martínez-Horta S, Aguilar S, Torres V, Pagonabarraga J, Pascual-Sedano B, et al. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum in Essential Tremor: A Controlled Study. Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation. 2014;7(3):491–492. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.02.001
- Pathak A, Redmond JA, Allen M, Chou KL. A noninvasive handheld assistive device to accommodate essential tremor: a pilot study. Mov Disord. 2014;29(6):838–842. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25796
- Ruonala V, Meigal A, Rissanen SM, Airaksinen O, Kankaanpää M, Karjalainen PA. EMG signal morphology and kinematic parameters in essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease patients. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2014;24(2):300–306. DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.12.007
- Heo JH, Kim JW, Kwon Y, Lee SK, Eom GM, Kwon DY, et al. Sensory electrical stimulation for suppression of postural tremor in patients with essential tremor. Biomed Mater Eng. 2015;26 Suppl 1:S803–S809. DOI: 10.3233/BME-151372
- Atashzar SF, Shahbazi M, Samotus O, Tavakoli M, Jog MS, Patel RV. Characterization of Upper-Limb Pathological Tremors: Application to Design of an Augmented Haptic Rehabilitation System. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing. 2016;10(5):888–903. DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2016.2530632
- Chockalingam A, Boggs H, Prusik J, Ramirez-Zamora A, Feustel P, Belasen A, et al. Evaluation of Quantitative Measurement Techniques for Head Tremor With Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2017;20(5):464–470. DOI: 10.1111/ner.12566
- Barrantes S, Sánchez Egea AJ, González Rojas HA, Martí MJ, Compta Y, Valldeoriola F, et al. Differential diagnosis between Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor using the smartphone’s accelerometer. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):
e0183843 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183843 - Chakraborty S, Kopecká J, Šprdlík O, Hoskovcová M, Ulmanová O, Růžička E, et al. Intermittent bilateral coherence in physiological and essential hand tremor. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(4):622–634. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.12.027
- Bove F, Di Lazzaro G, Mulas D, Cocciolillo F, Di Giuda D, Bentivoglio AR. A role for accelerometry in the differential diagnosis of tremor syndromes. Funct Neurol. 2018;33(1):45–49. DOI: 10.11138/FNeur/2018.33.1.045
- De Jesus S, Almeida L, Shahgholi L, Martinez-Ramirez D, Roper J, Hass CJ, et al. Square biphasic pulse deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: The BiP tremor study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;46:41–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.10.015
- Jombík P, Spodniak P, Bahýľ V, Necpál J. Visualisation of Parkinsonian, essential and physiological tremor planes in 3Dspace. Physiol Res. 2020;69(2):331–337. DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934066
- Berbakov L, Jovanović Č, Svetel M, Vasiljević J, Dimić G, Radulović N. Quantitative Assessment of Head Tremor in Patients with Essential Tremor and Cervical Dystonia by Using Inertial Sensors. Sensors [Internet]. 2019;19(19):
4246 . DOI: 10.3390/s19194246 - Kroneberg D, Elshehabi M, Meyer A-C, Otte K, Doss S, Paul F, et al. Less Is More – Estimation of the Number of Strides Required to Assess Gait Variability in Spatially Confined Settings. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2019;10-2018. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00435
- Lora-Millán JS, López-Blanco R, Gallego JÁ, Méndez-Guerrero A, González de la Aleja J, Rocon E. Mechanical vibration does not systematically reduce the tremor in essential tremor patients. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):
16476 . DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52988-8 - Pan J, Liu S, Ni Q, editors. Essential tremor evaluation system with Eval-net method via accelerometer signal. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI);
2019 6–8 Nov. 2019 . DOI: 10.1109/SOLI48380.2019.8955003 - Paschen S, Forstenpointner J, Becktepe J, Heinzel S, Hellriegel H, Witt K, et al. Long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. Neurology. 2019;92(12):e1378–e1386. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007134
- Zheng X, Vieira A, Marcos SL, Aladro Y, Ordieres-Meré J. Activity-aware essential tremor evaluation using deep learning method based on acceleration data. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;58:17–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.08.001
- Bruno S, Nikolov P, Hartmann CJ, Trenado C, Slotty PJ, Vesper J, et al. Directional Deep Brain Stimulation of the Thalamic Ventral Intermediate Area for Essential Tremor Increases Therapeutic Window. Neuromodulation. 2021;24(2):343–352. DOI: 10.1111/ner.13234
- Casamento-Moran A, Yacoubi B, Wilkes BJ, Hess CW, Foote KD, Okun MS, et al. Quantitative Separation of Tremor and Ataxia in Essential Tremor. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(2):375–387. DOI: 10.1002/ana.25781
- Loaiza Duque J, Sánchez Egea A, Reeb T, Rojas H, Gonzalez-Vargas A. Angular Velocity Analysis Boosted by Machine Learning for Helping in the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor. IEEE Access. 2020;8:88866–88875. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993647
- Jog M, Lee J, Scheschonka A, Chen R, Ismail F, Boulias C, et al. Tolerability and Efficacy of Customized IncobotulinumtoxinA Injections for Essential Tremor: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Toxins [Internet]. 2020;12(12):
807 . DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120807 - Kim J, Wichmann T, Inan OT, Deweerth SP. A Wearable System for Attenuating Essential Tremor Based on Peripheral Nerve Stimulation. IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med. 2020;8:
2000111 . DOI: 10.1109/JTEHM.2020.2985058 - Kwon DY, Kwon YR, Choi YH, Eom GM, Ko J, Kim JW. Quantitative measures of postural tremor at the upper limb joints in patients with essential tremor. Technol Health Care. 2020;28(S1):499–507. DOI: 10.3233/THC-209050
- McGurrin P, McNames J, Wu T, Hallett M, Haubenberger D. Quantifying Tremor in Essential Tremor Using Inertial Sensors-Validation of an Algorithm. IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med. 2021;9:
2700110 . DOI: 10.1109/JTEHM.2020.3032924 - Robertson EE, Hall DA, Pal G, Ouyang B, Liu Y, Joyce JM, et al. Tremorography in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor. Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2020;3:
100040 . DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2020.100040 - van Brummelen EMJ, Ziagkos D, de Boon WMI, Hart EP, Doll RJ, Huttunen T, et al. Quantification of tremor using consumer product accelerometry is feasible in patients with essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease: a comparative study. J Clin Mov Disord. 2020;7:
4 . DOI: 10.1186/s40734-020-00086-7 - Wilkes BJ, Wagle Shukla A, Casamento-Moran A, Hess CW, Christou EA, Okun MS, et al. Effects of ventral intermediate nucleus deep brain stimulation across multiple effectors in essential tremor. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;131(1):167–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.10.019
- Yu JY, Rajagopal A, Syrkin-Nikolau J, Shin S, Rosenbluth KH, Khosla D, et al. Transcutaneous Afferent Patterned Stimulation Therapy Reduces Hand Tremor for One Hour in Essential Tremor Patients. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2020;14. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.530300
- Zajki-Zechmeister T, Kögl M, Kalsberger K, Franthal S, Homayoon N, Katschnig-Winter P, et al. Quantification of tremor severity with a mobile tremor pen. Heliyon. 2020;6(8):
e04702 . DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04702 - Fuchs C, Nobile M, Zamora G, Degeneffe A, Kubben P, Kaymak U. Tremor assessment using smartphone sensor data and fuzzy reasoning. BMC BIOINFORMATICS. 2021;22. DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-03961-8
- Papapetropoulos S, Lee MS, Versavel S, Newbold E, Jinnah HA, Pahwa R, et al. A Phase 2 Proof-of-Concept, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of CX-8998 in Essential Tremor. Mov Disord. 2021;36(8):1944–1949. DOI: 10.1002/mds.28584
- Pokhabov DV, Pokhabov DD, Abramov VG, Tunik ME, Tutsenko KO, Khoroshavina AA, et al. A New Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 2021;51(8):1059–1065. DOI: 10.1007/s11055-021-01165-4
- Everlo CSJ, Elting JWJ, Tijssen MAJ, van der Stouwe AMM. Electrophysiological testing aids the diagnosis of tremor and myoclonus in clinically challenging patients. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2022;7:51–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2021.12.002
- Gauthier-Lafreniere E, Aljassar M, Rymar VV, Milton J, Sadikot AF. A standardized accelerometry method for characterizing tremor: Application and validation in an ageing population with postural and action tremor. Front Neuroinform. 2022;16:
878279 . DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.878279 - Kovalenko E, Shcherbak A, Somov A, Bril E, Zimniakova O, Semenov M, et al. Detecting the Parkinson’s Disease Through the Simultaneous Analysis of Data From Wearable Sensors and Video. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2022;22(16):16430–16439. DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3191864
- Ma C, Zhang P, Wang J, Zhang J, Pan L, Li X, et al. Objective quantification of the severity of postural tremor based on kinematic parameters: A multi-sensory fusion study. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2022;219:
106741 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106741 - Ma C, Li D, Pan L, Li X, Yin C, Li A, et al. Quantitative assessment of essential tremor based on machine learning methods using wearable device. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 2022;71:
103244 . DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103244 - Ni Q, Fan Z, Zhang L, Zhang B, Zheng X, Zhang Y. Daily Activity Recognition and Tremor Quantification from Accelerometer Data for Patients with Essential Tremor Using Stacked Denoising Autoencoders. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems. 2022;15(1):
1 . DOI: 10.1007/s44196-021-00052-7 - Purrer V, Borger V, Pohl E, Upadhyay N, Boecker H, Schmeel C, et al. Transcranial high-intensity Magnetic Resonance-guided focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) – safety and impacts on tremor severity and quality of life. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2022;100:6–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.05.017
- Sahin G, Halje P, Uzun S, Jakobsson A, Petersson P. Tremor evaluation using smartphone accelerometry in standardized settings. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:
861668 . DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.861668 - Xing X, Luo N, Li S, Zhou L, Song C, Liu J. Identification and Classification of Parkinsonian and Essential Tremors for Diagnosis Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2022;16 – 2022. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.701632
- Ali SM, Arjunan SP, Peter J, Perju-Dumbrava L, Ding C, Eller M, et al. Wearable Accelerometer and Gyroscope Sensors for Estimating the Severity of Essential Tremor. IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med. 2024;12:194–203. DOI: 10.1109/JTEHM.2023.3329344
- Li J, Zhu H, Wang H, Wang B, Luo W, Pan Y. A Wearable Multi-Segment Upper Limb Tremor Assessment System for Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease Versus Essential Tremor. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2023;31:3397–3406. DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2023.3306203
- Loaiza Duque J, Sánchez Egea A, Rojas H, Chaná P, Ferreira J, Costa J. TremorSoft: A decision support application for differential diagnosis between Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor. SoftwareX. 2023;22:1–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.softx.2023.101393
- Metzner C, Stringham A, Hislop B, Bonham J, Chatterton L, DeFigueiredo R, et al. Brief Submotor-Threshold Electrical Stimulation Applied Synchronously Over Wrist Flexor and Extensor Muscles does Not Suppress Essential Tremor, Independent of Stimulation Frequency. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2023;13:
30 . DOI: 10.5334/tohm.740 - Pascual-Valdunciel A, Lopo-Martínez V, Beltrán-Carrero AJ, Sendra-Arranz R, González-Sánchez M, Pérez-Sánchez JR, et al. Classification of Kinematic and Electromyographic Signals Associated with Pathological Tremor Using Machine and Deep Learning. Entropy (Basel). 2023;25(1). DOI: 10.3390/e25010114
- Piarroux J, Dimopoulou E, Taieb G, Souvannanorath S, Roze E, Lion-François L, et al. Clinical and Electrophysiological Characterization of Essential Tremor in 18 Children and Adolescents. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2023;13:
46 . DOI: 10.5334/tohm.803 - Smid A, Pauwels RWJ, Elting JWJ, Everlo CSJ, van Dijk JMC, Oterdoom DLM, et al. A Novel Accelerometry Method to Perioperatively Quantify Essential Tremor Based on Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Criteria. J Clin Med. 2023;12(13). DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134235
- van der Linden C, Berger T, Brandt GA, Strelow JN, Jergas H, Baldermann JC, et al. Accelerometric Classification of Resting and Postural Tremor Amplitude. Sensors (Basel). 2023;23(20). DOI: 10.3390/s23208621
- Vescio B, De Maria M, Crasà M, Nisticò R, Calomino C, Aracri F, et al. Development of a New Wearable Device for the Characterization of Hand Tremor. Bioengineering [Internet]. 2023;10(9):
1025 . DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091025 - Ameer AH, Park BR, Ouraiby A. Electrophysiological Assessment of Essential Tremors’ Severity by accelerometer: Frequency Domain Approach. AL-Kindy College Medical Journal. 2024;20(2):89–92. DOI: 10.47723/j5tcv961
- Cabral AM, Lora-Millán JS, Pereira AA, Rocon E, Andrade AO. On the Effect of Vibrotactile Stimulation in Essential Tremor. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12(4). DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12040448
- Hollý P, Hubená T, Čihák M, Pavlíková A, Kemlink D, Ulmanová O, et al. Estimating Disability in Patients with Essential Tremor: Comparison of Tremor Rating Scale, Spiral Drawing, and Accelerometric Tremor Power. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024;11(12):1582–1586. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.14160
- Hubená T, Hollý P, Pavlíková A, Ulmanová O, Rusz J, Krupička R, et al. Differentiating Essential and Dystonic Head Tremor: Exploring Arm Position Effects. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2025;12(1):71–75. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.14269
- Tang L, Hu Q, Wang X, Liu L, Zheng H, Yu W, et al. A multimodal fusion network based on a cross-attention mechanism for the classification of Parkinsonian tremor and essential tremor. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):
28050 . DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-79111-w - Zhang L, Zhu Y, Ni Q, Zheng X, Gao Z, Zhao Q. Local/Global explainability empowered expert-involved frameworks for essential tremor action recognition. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 2024;95:
106457 . DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106457 - Bártová P, Augste E, Strouhal F, Krhut J, Slovák M, Peter L, et al. Peroneal Electrical Transcutaneous Neuromodulation (Peroneal eTNM) in the Treatment of Essential Tremor. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2025;2025(1):
5231029 . DOI: 10.1155/ane/5231029 - Häring V, Selzam V, Martin-Rodriguez JF, Schwingenschuh P, Tamás G, Köhler L, et al. Phenotypical Differentiation of Tremor Using Time Series Feature Extraction and Machine Learning. Movement Disorders. 2025;40(12):2628–2640. DOI: 10.1002/mds.70032
- Mugge W, Elstgeest LEM, van Ginkel M, Pol L, de Lange I, Pambakian N, et al. Essential Tremor Suppression with a Novel Anti-Tremor Orthosis: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Mov Disord. 2025;40(3):445–455. DOI: 10.1002/mds.30082
- Purrer V, Chand T, Pohl E, Weiland H, Borger V, Schmeel C, et al. Quantitative and qualitative tremor evaluation after MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Frontiers in Neurology. 2025;16 – 2025. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1594382
- Samiee R, Jameie M, Rahmati M, Looha MA, Mobader S, Tafakhori A, et al. Short-term efficacy of peripheral nerve stimulation for essential tremor in a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):
28713 . DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-13487-1 - Tarlacı S, Doğan F. Effect of a Wrist Harmonic Liquid Tremor Absorber-Damping on the Upper Extremity Essential Tremor. Mov Disord. 2025;40(3):537–543. DOI: 10.1002/mds.30102
- Tsuboi T, Uematsu T, Sawada K, Higuchi M, Hashida M, Muto M, et al. Determinants of clinical and neurophysiological features in essential tremor and essential tremor plus. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2025;132(7):1041–1050. DOI: 10.1007/s00702-025-02941-z
- Louis ED, Gillman A, Boschung S, Hess CW, Yu Q, Pullman SL. High width variability during spiral drawing: further evidence of cerebellar dysfunction in essential tremor. Cerebellum. 2012;11(4):872–879. DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0352-4
- Kragelj V, Georgiev D, Pirtošek Z, Ribarič S. Wavelet analysis increases sensitivity and specificity of spirography for ambulatory tremor discrimination. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:
934746 . DOI: 10.1155/2014/934746 - Legrand AP, Rivals I, Richard A, Apartis E, Roze E, Vidailhet M, et al. New insight in spiral drawing analysis methods - Application to action tremor quantification. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(10):1823–1834. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.07.002
- Schuhmayer N, Weber C, Kieler M, Voller B, Pirker W, Auff E, et al. Task-dependent variability of Essential Tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017;41:79–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.05.018
- Tam F, Huang Y, Schwartz ML, Schweizer TA, Hynynen K, Graham SJ. A computerized tablet system for evaluating treatment of essential tremor by magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):
74 . DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0856-8 - Kim CY, Luo L, Yu Q, Mirallave A, Saunders-Pullman R, Lipton RB, et al. Repeated Spiral Drawings in Essential Tremor: a Possible Limb-Based Measure of Motor Learning. Cerebellum. 2019;18(2):178–187. DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0974-x
- Lin PC, Chen KH, Yang BS, Chen YJ. A digital assessment system for evaluating kinetic tremor in essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. BMC Neurol. 2018;18(1):
25 . DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1027-2 - Merchant SH, Kuo SH, Qiping Y, Winfield L, McKhann G, Sheth S, et al. Objective predictors of ‘early tolerance’ to ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus deep brain stimulation in essential tremor patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2018;129(8):1628–1633. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.012
- López-Blanco R, Benito-León J, Llamas-Velasco S, Del Castillo MD, Serrano JI, Rocon E, et al. Interaction with touchscreen smartphones in patients with essential tremor and healthy individuals. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2021;36(9):657–665. DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2018.05.005
- Motin MA, Peters J, Perju-Dumbrava L, Ding C, Eller M, Raghav S, et al. Computerized Screening of Essential Tremor and Level of Severity Using Consumer Tablet. IEEE Access. 2021;9:15404–15412. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3052186
- Kim J, Wichmann T, Inan OT, DeWeerth SP. Fitts’ Law Based Performance Metrics to Quantify Tremor in Individuals With Essential Tremor. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2022;26(5):2169–2179. DOI: 10.1109/JBHI.2021.3129989
- Figura M, Przytycka J, Dzierzęcki S, Szumilas M, Szlufik S, Milanowski Ł, et al. Unilateral gamma knife thalamotomy for tremor-safety and efficacy in multimodal assessment: a prospective case-control study with two-year follow-up. Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska. 2024;58(3):283–291. DOI: 10.5603/pjnns.98157
- Deuschl G, Wenzelburger R, Löffler K, Raethjen J, Stolze H. Essential tremor and cerebellar dysfunction Clinical and kinematic analysis of intention tremor. Brain. 2000;123(8):1568–1580. DOI: 10.1093/brain/123.8.1568
- Uhríková Z, Šprdlík O, Hoskovcová M, Komárek A, Ulmanová O, Hlaváč V, et al. Validation of a new tool for automatic assessment of tremor frequency from video recordings. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2011;198(1):110–113. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.02.033
- Geiger DW, Eggett DL, Charles SK. A method for characterizing essential tremor from the shoulder to the wrist. Clinical Biomechanics. 2018;52:117–123. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.12.003
- Ishii N, Mochizuki Y, Shiomi K, Nakazato M, Mochizuki H. Spiral drawing: Quantitative analysis and artificial-intelligence-based diagnosis using a smartphone. J Neurol Sci. 2020;411:
116723 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116723 - Seedat N, Aharonson V, Schlesinger I, editors. Automated machine vision enabled detection of movement disorders from hand drawn spirals. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI);
2020 30 Nov.–3 Dec. 2020 . DOI: 10.1109/ICHI48887.2020.9374333 - Ismail I, Kamel W, Al-Hashel J. Assessing the Usability of an Instagram Filter in Monitoring Essential Tremor: A Proof-of-Concept Study. MOVEMENT DISORDERS CLINICAL PRACTICE. 2023;10(2):274–278. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13600
- Ma C, Guo L, Pan L, Li X, Yin C, Zong R, et al. Tremor detection Transformer: An automatic symptom assessment framework based on refined whole-body pose estimation. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 2023;125:
106645 . DOI: 10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106645 - Wang Y, Yang J, Cai M, Liu X, Lu K, Lou Y, et al. Application of optimized convolutional neural networks for early aided diagnosis of essential tremor: Automatic handwriting recognition and feature analysis. Medical Engineering & Physics. 2023;113:
103962 . DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.103962 - Costa D, Grandolfo S, Birreci D, Angelini L, Passaretti M, Cannavacciuolo A, et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Essential Tremor: A Retrospective Clinical and Kinematic Analysis. The Cerebellum. 2024;23(6):2477–2486. DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01751-5
- Friedrich MU, Roenn A-J, Palmisano C, Alty J, Paschen S, Deuschl G, et al. Validation and application of computer vision algorithms for video-based tremor analysis. npj Digital Medicine. 2024;7(1):
165 . DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01153-1 - Lee S, Lee D, Park J, Shim J, Kim B. Quantification of tremor dynamics via video-based analysis. MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS. 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s11042-024-18438-y
- Shin JH, Lee S, Woo KA, Jinnah HA, Shaikh A, Hallett M, et al. Waveform-Based Analysis of Head Tremor Using a Marker-Less Tracking Algorithm with 2D-Video: Evaluation of Sinusoidality and Rhythmicity. Movement Disorders. 2025;40(11):2344–2353. DOI: 10.1002/mds.30322
- Wolke R, Welzel J, Maetzler W, Deuschl G, Becktepe J. Validity of tremor analysis using smartphone compatible computer vision frameworks. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS. 2025;15(1). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-97252-4
- Akbostanci MC, Ulkatan S, Yigit A, Aydin N, Mutluer N. Difference of disability between electrophysiologic subgroups of essential tremor. Can J Neurol Sci. 2000;27(1):60–64. DOI: 10.1017/S0317167100051994
- Breit S, Spieker S, Schulz JB, Gasser T. Long-term EMG recordings differentiate between parkinsonian and essential tremor. Journal of Neurology. 2008;255(1):103–111. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0712-2
- Nisticò R, Pirritano D, Salsone M, Novellino F, Del Giudice F, Morelli M, et al. Synchronous pattern distinguishes resting tremor associated with essential tremor from rest tremor of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2011;17(1):30–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.10.006
- Ohye C, Higuchi Y, Shibazaki T, Hashimoto T, Koyama T, Hirai T, et al. Gamma Knife Thalamotomy for Parkinson Disease and Essential Tremor: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Neurosurgery. 2012;70(3). DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182350893
- Ruonala V, Meigal A, Rissanen SM, Airaksinen O, Kankaanpää M, Karjalainen PA, editors. EMG signal morphology in essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC);
2013 3–7 July 2013 . DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610861 - Tavakkoli P, Kobravi HR, Shoeibi A, Zakhirehdari N, editors. Discrimination of Parkinsonian Tremor from Essential Tremor Using the Nonlinear Analysis of Wrist Muscle EMG Signals. The 15th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering;
2014 2014 . Cham:Springer International Publishing . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02913-9_170 - Cernera S, Alcantara JD, Opri E, Cagle JN, Eisinger RS, Boogaart Z, et al. Wearable sensor-driven responsive deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. Brain Stimul. 2021;14(6):1434–1443. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.09.002
- Muruzheva ZM, Traktirov DS, Tumashova OS, Karpenko MN. Cluster analysis of clinical, biochemical and electrophysiological features of essential tremor patients. Exploratory study. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2022;222:
107472 . DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107472 - Gulati K, Pandey S. Surface Electromyography for the Diagnosis of Tremor Syndrome: A Study of 97 Patients. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2024;27(6):690–694. DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_553_24
- Salazar G, Caballero I. Ultrasound-Guided Botulinum Toxin Infiltrations in Essential Tremor Patients: A 36-week Follow Up. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2025;15:
8 . DOI: 10.5334/tohm.957 - Akkunje PS, Yamini BK, Yadav R, Shivashankar N, Malo PK, Thennarasu K, et al. Phonatory Characteristics of Male Patients with Classic Essential Tremor. J Mov Disord. 2021;14(3):226–230. DOI: 10.14802/jmd.21010
- Rao Mv A, Yamini BK, Ketan J, Preetie Shetty A, Pal PK, Shivashankar N, et al. Automatic Classification of Healthy Subjects and Patients With Essential Vocal Tremor Using Probabilistic Source-Filter Model Based Noise Robust Pitch Estimation. Journal of Voice. 2023;37(3):314–321. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.01.009
- Larner P, Jonas R, Gutierrez CN, McGarey P, Lott J, Moosa S, et al. Voice Improvement After Essential Tremor Treatment via Focused Ultrasound and Deep Brain Stimulation. The Laryngoscope. 2024;134(1):367–373. DOI: 10.1002/lary.30884
- Borders JC, Gartling G, Hary E, Amin MR, Troche MS, Barkmeier-Kraemer J, et al. Patient Perception of Vocal Tremor Severity and its Relationship to Acoustic Voice Outcomes: An Exploratory Study. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2025;15:
60 . DOI: 10.5334/tohm.1087 - Rusz J, Švihlík J, Krýže P, Novotný M, Tykalová T. Reproducibility of Voice Analysis with Machine Learning. Movement Disorders. 2021;36(5):1282–1283. DOI: 10.1002/mds.28604
- Moon S, Song HJ, Sharma VD, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Akinwuntan AE, et al. Classification of Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor based on balance and gait characteristics from wearable motion sensors via machine learning techniques: a data-driven approach. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2020;17(1):
125 . DOI: 10.1186/s12984-020-00756-5 - Kroneberg D, Al-Fatly B, Schmitz-Hübsch T, Gandor F, Gruber D, Ebersbach G, et al. Overnight unilateral withdrawal of thalamic deep brain stimulation to identify reversibility of gait disturbances. Experimental Neurology. 2022;355:
114135 . DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114135 - Robertson-Dick EE, Timm EC, Pal G, Ouyang B, Liu Y, Berry-Kravis E, et al. Digital gait markers to potentially distinguish fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, and essential tremor. Front Neurol. 2023;14:
1308698 . DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1308698 - Kroneberg D, Nümann A, Minnerop M, Rönnefarth M, Endres M, Kühn AA, et al. Gait Variability as a Potential Motor Marker of Cerebellar Disease-Relationship between Variability of Stride, Arm Swing and Trunk Movements, and Walking Speed. Sensors (Basel). 2024;24(11). DOI: 10.3390/s24113476
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.1205 | Journal eISSN: 2160-8288
Language: English
Page range: 39 - 39
Submitted on: Mar 18, 2026
Accepted on: May 31, 2026
Published on: Jun 8, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2026 David Ledingham, Antonella Macerello, Nicola Pavese, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.