Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Scoping Review of Treatment Strategies for Holmes Tremor: Pharmacological and Surgical Interventions Cover

Scoping Review of Treatment Strategies for Holmes Tremor: Pharmacological and Surgical Interventions

Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
Volume 15 (2025): Issue 1
By: Gabriel ChungORCID and  Henrique Ballalai FerrazORCID  
Open Access
|Jun 2025

References

  1. 1Hey G, Hu W, Wong J, Tsuboi T, Burns MR, Ramirez-Zamora A. Evolving Concepts in Our Understanding and Treatment of Holmes Tremor, Over 100 Years in the Making. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 2022 May;12(1):18. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.683
    Back to article
  2. 2Holmes G. On Certain Tremors In Organic Cerebral Lesions. Brain. 1904;27(3):327–75. DOI: 10.1093/brain/27.3.327
    Back to article
  3. 3Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, Elble RJ, Hallett M, Louis ED, et al. Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Movement Disorders. 2018 Jan;33(1):75–87. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27121
    Back to article
  4. 4Raina GB, Cersosimo MG, Folgar SS, Giugni JC, Calandra C, Paviolo JP, et al. Holmes tremor: Clinical description, lesion localization, and treatment in a series of 29 cases. Neurology. 2016 Mar;86(10): 931–8. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002440
    Back to article
  5. 5Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M. Consensus Statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Mov Disord. 1998 Oct;13(S3):2–23. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870131303
    Back to article
  6. 6Del Gaudio N, Vaz G, Duprez T, Raftopoulos C. Holmes tremor in a monocentric series of resected brainstem cavernomas. Neurochirurgie. 2021 Jul;67(4):315–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2021.03.001
    Back to article
  7. 7Magistrelli L, Vecchio D, Naldi P, Comi C, Cantello R. Holmes tremor caused by a natalizumab-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a case report and brief review of the literature. Neurol Sci. 2019 Sep;40(9):1943–5. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03779-6
    Back to article
  8. 8Budhram A, Simpson HD, Bower JH, Hassan A, Conway BL, Flanagan EP. Holmes Tremor With Perirolandic Demyelinating Lesions: A Distinct Clinicoradiographic Syndrome. Neurology. 2021 Feb;96(5):231–2. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011235
    Back to article
  9. 9Pandey S. Holmes’ Tremor Secondary to Cerebellopontine Angle Epidermoid Cyst. The Neurologist. 2017 Jul;22(4):141–3. DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0000000000000131
    Back to article
  10. 10Gunness VN, Dooms G, Wauschkuhn B, Feiden W, Hertel F. Holmes tremor in a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Surg Neurol Int. 2014;5(9):413. DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.140205
    Back to article
  11. 11He JM, He J, Lin HX, Wang N, Lin Y. Holmes tremor with impairment of the Guillain-Mollaret triangle following medullar hemorrhage. Neurol Sci. 2018 Jul;39(7):1305–6. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3289-2
    Back to article
  12. 12D’Amico MC, Borrelli I, Zhuzhuni H, D’Amico A, Di Giacomo R, Mancinelli L, et al. Holmes-Like Tremor in Ataxia With Oculomotor Apraxia Type 2. Movement Disord Clin Pract. 2014 Sep;1(3):261–2. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12070
    Back to article
  13. 13Kim MK, Cho BM, Park SH, Yoon DY. Holmes’ Tremor Associated with Bilateral Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration Following Brain Stem Hemorrhage: A Case Report. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. 2014;16(3):299. DOI: 10.7461/jcen.2014.16.3.299
    Back to article
  14. 14Emekli AS, Samanci B, Şimşir G, Hanagasi HA, Gürvit H, Bilgiç B, et al. A novel PNPLA6 mutation in a Turkish family with intractable Holmes tremor and spastic ataxia. Neurol Sci. 2021 Apr;42(4):1535–9. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04869-6
    Back to article
  15. 15Kipfer S, Frigerio SB. Post-ischemic stroke Holmes’ tremor of the upper limb. Movement Disorders. 2013 Sep;28(10):1347–1347. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25621
    Back to article
  16. 16Wei TS, Hsu CS, Lee YC, Chang ST. Degeneration of paramedian nuclei in the thalamus induces Holmes tremor in a case of artery of Percheron infarction. Medicine. 2017 Nov;96(46):e8633. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008633
    Back to article
  17. 17Leung GKK, Fan YW, Ho SL. Rubral tremor associated with cavernous angioma of the midbrain. Mov Disord. 1999 Jan;14(1):191–3. DOI: 10.1002/1531-8257(199901)14:1>;191::AID-MDS1043<3.0.CO;2-Y
    Back to article
  18. 18Martins WA, Marrone LCP, Fussiger H, Vedana VM, Cristovam RDA, Taietti MZ, et al. Holmes’ tremor as a delayed complication of thalamic stroke. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2016 Apr;26:158–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.09.014
    Back to article
  19. 19Simonetti F, Pergami P, Marinu Aktipi K, Giardini G, Ceroni M, Lattuada P, et al. Paraneoplastic “rubral” tremor: A case report. Movement Disorders. 1998 May;13(3):612–4. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870130345
    Back to article
  20. 20Yerdelen D, Karatas M, Goksel B, Yildirim T. A patient with multiple sclerosis presenting with Holmes’ tremor. Euro J of Neurology [Internet]. 2008 Jan;15(1). DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01984.x
    Back to article
  21. 21Rutchik J, Bowler RM, Ratner MH. A rare case of Holmes tremor in a worker with occupational carbon monoxide poisoning. American J Industrial Med. 2021 May;64(5):435–49. DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23235
    Back to article
  22. 22Tan H, Turanli G, Ay H, Saatçi I. Rubral tremor after thalamic infarction in childhood. Pediatric Neurology. 2001 Nov;25(5):409–12. DOI: 10.1016/S0887-8994(01)00331-9
    Back to article
  23. 23Pezzini A, Zavarise P, Palvarini L, Viale P, Oladeji O, Padovani A. Holmes’ tremor following midbrain Toxoplasma abscess: clinical features and treatment of a case. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2002 Jan;8(3):177–80. DOI: 10.1016/S1353-8020(01)00013-X
    Back to article
  24. 24Friedman JH. “Rubral” tremor induced by a neuroleptic drug. Movement Disorders. 1992 Jan;7(3):281–2. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870070315
    Back to article
  25. 25Akkus DE, Diramali AB. Postischemic delayed Holmes’ tremor responding to low-dose cabergoline. Mov Disord. 2006 May;21(5):733–4. DOI: 10.1002/mds.20862
    Back to article
  26. 26Striano P, Elefante A, Coppola A, Tortora F, Zara F, Minetti C, Striano S. Dramatic response to levetiracetam in post-ischaemic Holmes’ tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;78(4):438–9. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.103275
    Back to article
  27. 27Strecker K, Schneider JP, Sabri O, Wegner F, Then Bergh F, Schwarz J, et al. Responsiveness to a dopamine agent in Holmes tremor – case report. Euro J of Neurology [Internet]. 2007 Apr;14(4). DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01665.x
    Back to article
  28. 28Raina GB, Velez M, Pardal MF, Micheli F. Holmes Tremor Secondary to Brainstem Hemorrhage Responsive to Levodopa: Report of 2 Cases. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2007 Mar;30(2):95–100. DOI: 10.1097/01.wnf.0000240957.56939.e6
    Back to article
  29. 29Seidel S, Kasprian G, Leutmezer F, Prayer D, Auff E. Disruption of nigrostriatal and cerebellothalamic pathways in dopamine responsive Holmes’ tremor. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;80(8):921–3. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.146324
    Back to article
  30. 30Chiou TSM, Tsai CH, Lee YH. Unilateral Holmes tremor and focal dystonia after Gamma Knife surgery: Case report. JNS. 2006 Dec;105(Supplement):235–7. DOI: 10.3171/sup.2006.105.7.235
    Back to article
  31. 31Ferlazzo E, Morgante F, Rizzo V, Sciarrone G, Meduri M, Magaudda A, et al. Successful treatment of Holmes tremor by levetiracetam. Movement Disorders. 2008 Oct;23(14):2101–3. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22230
    Back to article
  32. 32Baysal L, Acarer A, Celebisoy N. Post-ischemic Holmes’ tremor of the lower extremities. J Neurol. 2009 Dec;256(12):2079–81. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5273-5
    Back to article
  33. 33Suda S, Yamazaki M, Katsura K, Fukuchi T, Kaneko N, Ueda M, et al. Dramatic response to zonisamide of post-subarachnoid hemorrhage Holmes’ tremor. J Neurol. 2012 Jan;259(1):185–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6127-5
    Back to article
  34. 34Koppel BS, Daras M. “Rubral” tremor due to midbrain toxoplasma abscess. Movement Disorders. 1990 Jan;5(3):254–6. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870050314
    Back to article
  35. 35Bolen RD, Balakrishnan N. Palatal myoclonus, eight-and-a-half syndrome, and Holmes tremor in a patient from a single brainstem lesion. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2014 Dec;347(1–2):411–2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.10.039
    Back to article
  36. 36Latino P, Pontieri FE, Orzi F, Giovannelli M. Botulinum toxin type A for Holmes tremor secondary to thalamic hemorrhage. Neurol Sci. 2015 Oct;36(10):1935–6. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2285-z
    Back to article
  37. 37Cury RG, Barbosa ER, Freitas C, De Souza Godoy LF, Paiva WS. Holmes Tremor Secondary to a Stabbing Lesion in the Midbrain. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 2017 Dec;7(0):523. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.386
    Back to article
  38. 38Rojas NG, Cesarini M, Etcheverry JL, Da Prat G, Aramburu TV, Gatto EM. Holmes Tremor Partially Responsive to Topiramate: A Case Report. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 2018 Jun;8(0):565. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.416
    Back to article
  39. 39O’Shea SA, Elkind M, Pullman SL, Ford B. Holmes Tremor due to Artery of Percheron Infarct: Clinical Case and Treatment Using Deep Brain Stimulation of the Vim and ZI Targets. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements [Internet]. 2020 Jan;10(0). DOI: 10.5334/tohm.528
    Back to article
  40. 40Slootjes SM, Lejeune T, Duprez T, Lawson TM, Peeters A. Levodopa-responsive Holmes head titubation caused by midbrain cavernoma hemorrhage. Neurol Sci. 2021 Jan;42(1):381–2. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04627-8
    Back to article
  41. 41Chen X, Zhan L, Ling S, Zheng C, Lu G. Holmes tremor and palatal tremor in hypertrophic olivary degeneration: involvement of brainstem. Neurol Sci. 2021 Mar;42(3):1157–9. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04687-w
    Back to article
  42. 42Shimada T, Uchida W, Shindo A, Kamagata K, Hattori N, Tsunemi T. Delayed-onset motor aphasia succeeds Holmes’ tremor and neuropathic pain after left thalamic hemorrhage. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2021 Apr;423:117367. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117367
    Back to article
  43. 43Zhao H, Shi M, Yang F, Yang D, Hou X, Yang X. Damage to the central nucleus of the thalamus via atypical Holmes tremor: a case report. J Int Med Res. 2021 Apr;49(4):0300060521999567. DOI: 10.1177/0300060521999567
    Back to article
  44. 44Ling YT, Li JM, Ling Y, Wang SG, Wang JT, Zhang XY, et al. Wernekinck Commissure Syndrome with Holmes Tremor: A Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature. Neurology India. 2022 Jan;70(1):281–4. DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.338697
    Back to article
  45. 45Yen K, Yaworski A, Bussiere M, Ba F. Pearls & Oy-sters: A Case Report of Holmes Tremor Due to Nigrostriatal Dopamine Disruption That Responded to Dopamine Replacement Therapy. Neurology. 2022 Sep;99(11):480–3. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000201000
    Back to article
  46. 46Aubignat M, Tir M, Vandici O, Lefranc M. Successful Surgical Treatment of an Intracranial Arachnoid Cyst Inducing Holmes’ Tremor. Movement Disord Clin Pract. 2023 Jun;10(6):998–1000. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13744
    Back to article
  47. 47Remy P, De Recondo A, Defer G, Loc’h C, Amarenco P, Plante-Bordeneuve V, et al. Peduncular “Rubral” Tremor and Dopaminergic Denervation: A PET Study. Neurology. 1995 Mar;45(3):472–7. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.45.3.472
    Back to article
  48. 48Krack P, Deuschl G, Kaps M, Warnke P, Schneider S, Traupe H. Delayed onset of “rubral tremor” 23 years after brainstem trauma. Movement Disorders. 1994 Jan;9(2):240–2. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870090225
    Back to article
  49. 49Jacob PC, Pratap Chand R. Posttraumatic rubral tremor responsive to clonazepam. Movement Disorders. 1998 Nov;13(6):977–8. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870130622
    Back to article
  50. 50Vélez M, Cosentino C, Torres L. Levodopa-responsive rubral (Holmes’) tremor. Movement Disorders. 2002 Jul;17(4):741–2. DOI: 10.1002/mds.10224
    Back to article
  51. 51Liou L, Shih P. Successful Treatment of Rubral Tremor by High-Dose Trihexyphenidyl: A Case Report. The Kaohsiung J of Med Scie. 2006 Mar;22(3):149–53. DOI: 10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70235-9
    Back to article
  52. 52Boelmans K, Gerloff C, Münchau A. Long-lasting effect of levodopa on holmes’ tremor. Movement Disorders. 2012 Aug;27(9):1097–8. DOI: 10.1002/mds.24005
    Back to article
  53. 53Findley LJ, Gretsy MA. Suppression of “rubral” tremor with levodopa. BMJ. 1980 Oct;281(6247):1043–4. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.281.6247.1043
    Back to article
  54. 54Plaha P, Khan S, Gill SS. Bilateral stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus for tremor control. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2008 May;79(5):504–13. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.112334
    Back to article
  55. 55Onder H, Kocer B, Turan A, Comoglu S. Illustration of the Long-Term Efficacy of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Thalamic Ventral Intermediate Nucleus in a Patient with Holmes Tremor Secondary to Stroke. Movement Disord Clin Pract. 2023 Jul;10(7):1143–5. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13741
    Back to article
  56. 56Rosa TD, Dixon L, Yousaf MIK, Holiday V, Zemmar A, Neimat J, et al. Progressive Multifocal Encephalopathy Holmes Tremor Successfully Treated with Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 2023 Sep;13(1):31. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.781
    Back to article
  57. 57Razmkon A, Yousefi O, Vaidyanathan J. Using Preimplanted Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes for Rescue Thalamotomy in a Case of Holmes Tremor: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2020;98(2):136–41. DOI: 10.1159/000506083
    Back to article
  58. 58Maesawa S, Torii J, Nakatsubo D, Noda H, Mutoh M, Ito Y, et al. A case report: Dual-lead deep brain stimulation of the posterior subthalamic area and the thalamus was effective for Holmes tremor after unsuccessful focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022 Dec;16:1065459. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1065459
    Back to article
  59. 59Ghanchi H, Siddiqi I, Patchana T, Ananda A. Acquired Holmes Tremor in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Patient Treated with Deep Brain Stimulation. World Neurosurgery. 2020 Sep;141:253–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.099
    Back to article
  60. 60Kamo H, Oyama G, Ito M, Iwamuro H, Umemura A, Hattori N. Deep brain stimulation in posterior subthalamic area for Holmes tremor: Case reports with review of the literature. Front Neurol. 2023 Mar;14:1139477. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1139477
    Back to article
  61. 61Bargiotas P, Nguyen TAK, Bracht T, Mürset M, Nowacki A, Debove I, et al. Long-Term Outcome and Neuroimaging of Deep Brain Stimulation in Holmes Tremor: A Case Series. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. 2021 Feb;24(2):392–9. DOI: 10.1111/ner.13352
    Back to article
  62. 62Kobayashi K, Katayama Y, Oshima H, Watanabe M, Sumi K, Obuchi T, et al. Multitarget, dual-electrode deep brain stimulation of the thalamus and subthalamic area for treatment of Holmes’ tremor: Clinical article. JNS. 2014 May;120(5):1025–32. DOI: 10.3171/2014.1.JNS12392
    Back to article
  63. 63Oda K, Morishita T, Tanaka H, Kobayashi H, Abe H. Case report: Radiofrequency thalamotomy as palliative care for Holmes tremor in a patient with terminal cancer and cardiac pacemaker. Surgical Neurology International. 2022 Oct;13:484. DOI: 10.25259/SNI_618_2022
    Back to article
  64. 64Chong Z, Yang X, Peng X, Zong Q, Li H, Xiao Y. Vim-PSA Double-Target DBS for the Treatment of Holmes Tremor Secondary to Brainstem Hemorrhage: A Case Report. IMCRJ. 2024 Jul;Volume 17:703–8. DOI: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S469937
    Back to article
  65. 65Peker S, Isik U, Akgun Y, Ozek M. Deep brain stimulation for Holmes’ tremor related to a thalamic abscess. Childs Nerv Syst. 2008 Sep;24(9):1057–62. DOI: 10.1007/s00381-008-0644-2
    Back to article
  66. 66Grabska N, Rudzińska M, Dec-Ćwiek M, Tutaj M, Pietraszko W, Michalski M, et al. Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of Holmes tremor – A long-term case observation. Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska. 2014 Jul;48(4):292–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2014.06.002
    Back to article
  67. 67Acar G, Acar F, Bir LS, Kızılay Z, Çırak B. Vim stimulation in Holmes’ tremor secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurological Research. 2010 Nov;32(9):992–4. DOI: 10.1179/016164110X12714125204272
    Back to article
  68. 68Hertel F, Züchner M, Decker C, Erken E, Libri S, Schmitt M, et al. Unilateral Holmes tremor, clearly responsive to cerebrospinal fluid release, in a patient with an ischemic midbrain lesion and associated chronic hydrocephalic ventricle enlargement: Case report. JNS. 2006 Mar;104(3):448–51. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2006.104.3.448
    Back to article
  69. 69Goto S, Yamada K. Combination of thalamic Vim stimulation and GPi pallidotomy synergistically abolishes Holmes’ tremor. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;75(8):1203–4. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.023077
    Back to article
  70. 70Sanborn MR, Danish SF, Ranalli NJ, Grady MS, Jaggi JL, Baltuch GH. Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Midbrain Tremor Secondary to Cystic Degeneration of the Brainstem. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2009;87(2):128–33. DOI: 10.1159/000207201
    Back to article
  71. 71Romanelli P, Bronté-Stewart H, Courtney T, Heit G. Possible necessity for deep brain stimulation of both the ventralis intermedius and subthalamic nuclei to resolve Holmes tremor: Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 Sep;99(3):566–71. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2003.99.3.0566
    Back to article
  72. 72Brittain J, Jenkinson N, Holland P, Joundi RA, Green AL, Aziz TZ. Development of Holmes’ tremor following hemi-cerebellar infarction. Movement Disorders. 2011 Aug;26(10):1957–9. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23704
    Back to article
  73. 73Rieder CRM, Rebouças RG, Ferreira MP. Holmes tremor in association with bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration and palatal tremor: chronological considerations. Case report. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2003 Jun;61(2B):473–7. DOI: 10.1590/S0004-282X2003000300028
    Back to article
  74. 74Kilbane C, Ramirez-Zamora A, Ryapolova-Webb E, Qasim S, Glass GA, Starr PA, et al. Pallidal stimulation for Holmes tremor: clinical outcomes and single-unit recordings in 4 cases. JNS. 2015 Jun;122(6):1306–14. DOI: 10.3171/2015.2.JNS141098
    Back to article
  75. 75Toda H, Nishida N, Iwasaki K. Coaxial interleaved stimulation of the thalamus and subthalamus for treatment of Holmes tremor. FOC. 2017 Apr;42(videosuppl2):V1. DOI: 10.3171/2017.4.FocusVid.16510
    Back to article
  76. 76Foote KD, Okun MS. Ventralis Intermedius plus Ventralis Oralis Anterior and Posterior Deep Brain Stimulation for Posttraumatic Holmes Tremor: Two Leads May Be Better than One: Technical Note. Operative Neurosurgery. 2005 Apr;56(suppl_4):ONS-E445-ONS-E445. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000157104.87448.78
    Back to article
  77. 77Maki F, Sato S, Watanabe K, Yanagisawa T, Hagiwara Y, Shimizu T, et al. Vim thalamotomy in a patient with Holmes’ tremor and palatal tremor – Pathophysiological considerations. BMC Neurol. 2015 Dec;15(1):26. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0277-5
    Back to article
  78. 78Castrop F, Jochim A, Berends LP, Haslinger B. Sustained suppression of holmes tremor after cessation of thalamic stimulation. Movement Disorders. 2013 Sep;28(10):1456–7. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25398
    Back to article
  79. 79Nikkhah G, Prokop T, Hellwig B, Lücking CH, Ostertag CB. Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus ventralis intermedius for Holmes (rubral) tremor and associated dystonia caused by upper brainstem lesions. J Neurosurg. 2004;100. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2004.100.6.1079
    Back to article
  80. 80Kudo M, Goto S, Nishikawa S, Hamasaki T, Soyama N, Ushio Y, et al. Bilateral thalamic stimulation for Holmes’ tremor caused by unilateral brainstem lesion. Mov Disord. 2001 Jan;16(1):170–4. DOI: 10.1002/1531-8257(200101)16:1<;170::AID-MDS1033>3.0.CO;2-P
    Back to article
  81. 81Yousefi O, Dayyani M, Rezaei R, Kamran H, Razmkon A. Deep brain stimulation of the posterior subthalamic area as an alternative strategy for management of Holmes tremor: A case report and review of the literature. Surgical Neurology International. 2022 Oct;13:489. DOI: 10.25259/SNI_435_2022
    Back to article
  82. 82Lakha A, Thakar S. Giant Tumefactive Perivascular Spaces: An Unusual Cause of Holmes Tremor. World Neurosurgery. 2023 Nov;179:66–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.08.049
    Back to article
  83. 83Shen YC. Unilateral rubral tremor following treatment with risperidone. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2009 Jan;10(4–2):629–31. DOI: 10.1080/15622970801958349
    Back to article
  84. 84Kiriyama T, Hirano M, Kitauchi T, Saito K, Kataoka H, Ueno S. A case of chemotherapy-responsive paraneoplastic rubral tremor. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2011 Oct;113(8):693–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.04.011
    Back to article
  85. 85Poloni TE, Galli A, Carlos AF, Riva E, Medici V, Davin A, et al. Reversible Holmes Tremor due to Middle Cerebral Artery Giant Aneurysm. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements [Internet]. 2019 Sep;9(0). DOI: 10.5334/tohm.505
    Back to article
  86. 86Strowd RE, Burger P, Holdhoff M, Kleinberg L, Okun MS, Olivi A, et al. Steroid-responsive intracranial germinoma presenting as Holmes’ tremor: Importance of a tissue diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2015 May;22(5):911–3. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.11.013
    Back to article
  87. 87Zhong J, Li ST, Xu SQ, Wan L. Holmes’ tremor caused by midbrain cavernoma. Chin Med J (Engl). 2007 Nov 20;120(22):2059–61. PMID: 18067799.
    Back to article
  88. 88Inci S, Celik O, Soylemezoglu F, Ozgen T. Thalamomesencephalic ossified cavernoma presenting with Holmes’ tremor. Surgical Neurology. 2007 May;67(5):511–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2006.06.057
    Back to article
  89. 89Delaunois J, Vaz G, Raftopoulos C. Transsylvian Transuncal Approach for an Anterior Midbrain Cavernous Malformation Resection: A Case Report. Operative Surg. 2018 Mar;14(3):E38–43. DOI: 10.1093/ons/opx116
    Back to article
  90. 90Pomeranz S, Shalit M, Sherman Y. “Rubral” tremor following radiation of a pineal region vascular hamartoma. Acta neurochir. 1990 Mar;103(1–2):79–81. DOI: 10.1007/BF01420197
    Back to article
  91. 91Iyer RS, Wattamwar P, Thomas B. Reversible Holmes’ tremor due to spontaneous intracranial hypotension. BMJ Case Reports. 2017 Jul;bcr-2017-220348. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220348
    Back to article
  92. 92Tan JH, Chan BPL, Wilder-Smith EP, Ong BKC. A unique case of reversible hyperglycemic Holmes’ tremor. Mov Disord. 2006 May;21(5):707–9. DOI: 10.1002/mds.20795
    Back to article
  93. 93Teive HAG, Zanatta A, Germiniani FMB, Almeida SM, Werneck LC. Holmes’ tremor and neuroparacoccidioidomycosis: A case report. Movement Disorders. 2002 Nov;17(6):1392–4. DOI: 10.1002/mds.10277
    Back to article
  94. 94Coumou AD, Van Dijk JMC, De Vries JJ, Leenders KL, Kuijlen JMA. Successful surgical treatment of an arachnoid cyst inducing a Holmes’ tremor. Movement Disorders. 2012 Jul;27(8):964–964. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25039
    Back to article
  95. 95Kim MC, Son BC, Miyagi Y, Kang JK. Vim thalamotomy for Holmes’ tremor secondary to midbrain tumour. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2002 Oct;73(4):453–5. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.73.4.453
    Back to article
  96. 96Aquino CC, Connolly B, Lang AE. Smoldering Multiple Myeloma Associated Leukoencephalopathy Presenting with Holmes Tremor, Ataxia, and Pyramidal Syndrome. Movement Disord Clin Pract. 2018 Jul;5(4):433–5. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12623
    Back to article
  97. 97Lekoubou A, Njouoguep R, Kuate C, Kengne AP. Cerebral toxoplasmosis in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients also provides unifying pathophysiologic hypotheses for Holmes tremor. BMC Neurol. 2010 Dec;10(1):37. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-37
    Back to article
  98. 98Chang SJ, Mitchell R, Hukin J, Singhal A. Treatment-responsive Holmes tremor in a child with low-pressure hydrocephalus: video case report and systematic review of the literature. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. 2022 May;29(5):520–7. DOI: 10.3171/2021.12.PEDS21539
    Back to article
  99. 99Roselli F, Livrea P, Defazio G, Manobianca G, Ardito B, Gentile MA, et al. Holmes’ tremor associated to HSV-1 cerebral pedunculitis: A case report. Movement Disorders. 2007 Jun;22(8):1204–6. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21464
    Back to article
  100. 100Yoon JH, Yong SW, Lee JS. Spontaneous disappearance of Holmes’ tremor in a patient with a midbrain cavernous hemangioma. Neurol Sci. 2015 Nov;36(11):2137–8. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2309-8
    Back to article
  101. 101Restrepo L, Quiroga-Chand A, Tomatore C, Balish M. “Rubral” tremor after cardiac catheterization: report of 2 cases. Tex Heart Inst J. 2005;32(3):427–9.
    Back to article
  102. 102Agarwal K, Biswas R, Kumar V. Wernekink Commissure Syndrome With Bilateral Cerebellar Signs and Holmes Tremor in a Patient With a Preexisting Movement Disorder. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Mar; DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35674
    Back to article
  103. 103Wang KL, Wong JK, Eisinger RS, Carbunaru S, Smith C, Hu W, et al. Therapeutic Advances in the Treatment of Holmes Tremor: Systematic Review. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. 2022 Aug;25(6):796–803. DOI: 10.1111/ner.13220
    Back to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.1019 | Journal eISSN: 2160-8288
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Submitted on: Apr 8, 2025
Accepted on: May 31, 2025
Published on: Jun 17, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Holmes Tremor,
Treatment,
Pharmacology,
Surgical Intervention,
Review

© 2025 Gabriel Chung, Henrique Ballalai Ferraz, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 15 (2025): Issue 1Next article