Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Legitimate Targets: What is the Applicable Legal Framework Governing the Use of Force in Rio de Janeiro? Cover

Legitimate Targets: What is the Applicable Legal Framework Governing the Use of Force in Rio de Janeiro?

By:   
Open Access
|Nov 2022

References

  1. ALERJ. 2008. Relatório Final da Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito Destinada a Investigar a Ação de Milícias no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.
  2. Alves, F and Otavio, C. 2022. ‘Ex-chefe de Policia Civil preso usava mortes no Jacarezinho como bandeiro de campanha’. O Globo, 9 September 2022. https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/eleicoes-2022/noticia/2022/09/ex-chefe-de-policia-civil-preso-usava-mortes-no-jacarezinho-como-bandeira-de-campanha.ghtml, accessed 3 October 2022.
  3. Alves, MHM and Evanson, P. 2011. Living in the Crossfire, Favela residents, drug dealers and police violence in Rio de Janeiro. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  4. Amnesty International (AI). 2012. Outcome of Copenhagen Process on detainees in international military operations undermines respect for human rights. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/IOR50/003/2012/en/ [Last accessed 19 September 2022].
  5. Araújo, V. 2020. Novo secretário de Polícia Civil quer tanques em favelas e promete avançar no caso Marielle. O Globo, 27 September 2020. Available at: https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/novo-secretario-de-policia-civil-quer-tanques-em-favelas-promete-avancar-no-caso-marielle-24663177#:~:text=O%20delegado%20Allan%20Turnowski%20n%C3%A3o,a%20Secretaria%20de%20Pol%C3%ADcia%20Civil.&text=Mas%20agora%20Turnowski%20%E2%80%94%20que%20foi,planos%20para%20enfrentar%20a%20viol%C3%AAncia [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  6. Azzi, VF. forthcoming. ‘The war on criminality in Rio de Janeiro: Pacifying unruly territories?’ In: Solar, C and Pérez Ricart, C (eds.), Crime, Violence and Justice in Latin America. Abingdon: Routledge.
  7. BBC. 2016. Four dead after police helicopter ‘shot down by gang’. BBC News Brazil, 20 November 2016. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-38041847 [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  8. Bellal, A. 2019. The War Report: Armed conflicts in 2018. The Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights.
  9. Bethlehem, D. 2012. Self-defense against an imminent or actual armed attack by nonstate actors. American Journal of International Law, 106(4): 770777. DOI: 10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.4.0769
  10. Betim, F. 2021. Em afronta ao STF, polícia do Rio impõe sigilo a operação do Jacarezinho e outras ações na pandemia por cinco anos. El País, 26 May 2021. Available at: https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2021-05-26/policia-civil-do-rio-impoe-sigilo-a-documentos-do-jacarezinho-e-outras-operacoes-por-cinco-anos-em-confronto-ao-stf.html#:~:text=A%20Pol%C3%ADcia%20Civil%20do%20Rio,letal%20da%20hist%C3%B3ria%20do%20Estado.&text=A%20corpora%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20estendeu%20o%20sigilo,5%20de%20junho%20de%202020 [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  11. Brazilian Government Ministry of Defence. 2012. Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional. At: https://www.defesa.gov.br/arquivos/2012/mes07/lbdn.pdf [accessed on 21 September 2022].
  12. Brazilian Government Ministry of Defence [online]. 2013. ‘Garantia da Lei e da Ordem’. 20 December. https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/arquivos/File/doutrinamilitar/listadepublicacoesEMD/md33a_ma_10a_gloa_1a_ed2013.pdf [Last accessed on 21 September 2022].
  13. Brazilian Government Ministry of Defence [online]. 2014. ‘Garantia da Lei e da Ordem’. 3 February. https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/assuntos/exercicios-e-operacoes/garantia-da-lei-e-da-ordem [Last accessed on 21 September 2022].
  14. Bruderlein, C. 2000. The Role of Non-State Actors in Building Human Security: The case of armed groups in intra-state wars. Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. https://www.hdcentre.org/publications/the-role-of-non-state-actors-in-building-human-security/.
  15. Cano, I. 2008. Seis por meia dúzia? Um estudo exploratório do fenômeno das chamadas ‘milícias’ no Rio de Janeiro. In: Global, J (ed.), Segurança, milícias e tráfico no Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Justiça Global and Fundação Heinrich Böll. pp. 4883.
  16. Carta Capital. 2014. [Video] Átila Roque fala do “extermínio da população jovem negra”. 30 December 2014. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbvDqBmcj1Y [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  17. Center for Civilians in Conflict (CIVIC). 2019a. Reverse the Trend: 2021–25 Strategic plan. https://civiliansinconflict.org/approach/ [Last accessed 22 September 2022].
  18. Chernishova, O. 2013. ‘Recent developments in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights related to the issue of the use of force’. Presentation in ICRC Expert Meeting. Appendix 6 https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-4171.pdf, accessed 3 October 2022.
  19. Chinkin, C and Kaldor, M. 2017. International Law and New Wars. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781316759868
  20. CIVIC. 2014. Civilian Harm Tracking: Analysis of ISAF efforts in Afghanistan. New York: CIVIC.
  21. CIVIC. 2019b. The Sum of All Parts: Reducing civilian harm in multinational coalition operations. New York: CIVIC.
  22. Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito do Assassinato de Jovens (CPIADJ). 2015. Relatório Final. Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito do Assassinato de Jovens. https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/arquivos/2016/06/08/veja-a-integra-do-relatorio-da-cpi-do-assassinato-de-jovens, accessed 3 October 2022.
  23. Dalby, C and Francisco, A. 2019. Militias become luxury real estate barons in Rio de Janeiro. InSight Crime, 23 April 2019. Available at: https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/militias-become-luxury-real-estate-barons-rio-de-janeiro/ [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  24. Dowdney, L. 2003. Children of the Drug Trade: A case study of children in organized armed violence in Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Viva Rio/ISER (Instituto de Estudos da Religião).
  25. ECtHR. 1978. Ireland v UK, Appl. No. 5310/71, Judgment 18 January 1978. DOI: 10.1080/00431672.1978.9931856
  26. ECtHR. 1988. Brogan and others v. UK. Appl. No. 11209/84, Judgment 29 November 1988.
  27. ECtHR. 1993. Brannigan and MacBride v. UK. Appl. No.14553-4/89, Judgment 24 May 1993.
  28. ECtHR. 1995. McCann and others v. UK. Appl. No. 18984/91, 5 September 1995.
  29. ECtHR. 1998a. Kaya v. Turkey. Appl. No. 22729/93, Judgment 19 February 1998, para 9.
  30. ECtHR. 2005a. Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v. Russia. Appl. No. 57947-49/00, Judgment 24 February 2005, para 179.
  31. ECtHR. 2011a. Al-Skeini and Others v. UK. Appl. No. 55721/07, Judgment (Grand Chamber) 7 July 2011.
  32. ECtHR. 2011b. Al-Jedda v. UK. Appl. No. 27021/08, Judgment (Grand Chamber) 7 July 2011.
  33. ECtHR. 2014a. Hassan v. United Kingdom. Appl. No. 29750/09, Judgment (Grand Chamber), 16 September 2014.
  34. ECtHR. 2014b. Jaloud v. The Netherlands. Appl. No. 47708/08, Judgment (Grand Chamber), 20 November 2014.
  35. Escola de Cultura de Pau (ECP). 2022. Alert 2022! Report on Conflicts, Human Rights and Peacebuilding. Barcelona: Icaria.
  36. Estado de Minas, Chefe do’ Escritório do crime’, ‘capitão Adriano’ morre em tiroteio com a polícia, 9 February 2020. Available at: https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/nacional/2020/02/09/interna_nacional,1120569/chefe-do-escritorio-do-crime-capitao-adriano-morre-em-tiroteio-policia.shtml [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  37. European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). 2021. Hanan v. Germany. Appl No. 4871/16, (Grand Chamber), Judgment, 16 February 2021.
  38. FBSP. 2019. Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. Available at: https://www.forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Anuario-2019-FINAL_21.10.19.pdf [Last accessed 19 September 2022].
  39. FBSP [Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública]. 2021. Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. Available at: https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/anuario-2021-completo-v6-bx.pdf [Last accessed 19 September 2022].
  40. FIRJAN. 2017. Avanço da criminalidade no Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Retrato e propostas para a segurança pública. Rio de Janeiro: FIRJAN.
  41. Fogo Cruzado. 2020. Database Available at: https://fogocruzado.org.br/estatisticas/ [Last accessed 19 September 2022].
  42. Foley, C. 2014. Pelo telefone: Rumors, truths and myths in the ‘pacification’ of the favelas of Rio de Janeiro. HASOW (Humanitarian Action in Situations Other than War) Discussion Paper 8. Rio de Janeiro.
  43. Foley, C. 2017. UN Peacekeeping and the Protection of Civilians: Saving succeeding generations. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108236126
  44. Foley, C. (ed.). 2019. In Spite of You: Bolsonaro and the new Brazilian resistance. New York: OR Books. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvmd82x7
  45. Foley, C. 2022. Human Rights and Protection by UN Peace Operations. New York, International Peace Institute.
  46. Gearty, C. 1995. After Gibraltar. London Review of Books, 17(22), 16 November 1995.
  47. Gonçalves, LL. 2017. Letalidade violenta e controle ilegal do território no Rio de Janeiro. Cadernos de Segurança Pública, 9(8): 119. http://www.isprevista.rj.gov.br/download/Rev20170804.pdf.
  48. Grellet, F. 2019. Witzel sobe em helicóptero com sniper e causa polêmica. Terra, 6 May 2019. Available at: https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/cidades/witzel-sobe-em-helicoptero-com-atirador-de-elite-e-causa-polemica,0b107d79aa61ac85cb70ef9a691d69f7gnmzuvqr.html [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  49. Gross, A. 2017. The Writing on the Wall: Rethinking the international law of occupation. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781316536308
  50. Hampson, F. 2008. The relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law from the perspective of a human rights treaty body. International Review of the Red Cross, 90(871): 54972. DOI: 10.1017/S1560775508000114
  51. Hampson, F and Lubell, N. 2013. Amicus Curiae brief submitted by Professors Francoise Hampson and Noam Lubell in the case of Hassan v. United Kingdom, Appl. No. 29750/09. Human Rights Centre, University of Essex.
  52. Hartman, J. 2012. The Copenhagen Process: Principles and Guidelines. Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 3 November 2012. Available at https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-copenhagen-process-principles-and-guidelines/ [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  53. Hauck, P and Peterke, P. 2010. Organized crime and gang violence in national and international Law. International Review of the Red Cross, 92(878): 407436. DOI: 10.1017/S181638311000038X
  54. Henckaerts, JM and Doswald-Beck, L. 2005. Customary International Humanitarian Law. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511804700
  55. Hirata, DV and Grillo, CC. 2017. Sintonia e amizade entre patrões e donos de morro: Perspectivas comparativas entre o comércio varejista de drogas em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro. Tempo Social, 29(2): 7598. DOI: 10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2017.125494
  56. Hirata, DV and Grillo, CC. 2019. Sumário executivo: Operações policiais no Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Heinrich Böll Brasil.
  57. Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2021. Brazil: Investigate Rio Police Command for Deadly Raid. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/31/brazil-investigate-rio-police-command-deadly-raid [Last accessed 19 September 2022].
  58. Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2022. Another police raid in Rio leaves 23 dead. Available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/05/26/another-police-raid-rio-leaves-23-dead, Accessed 3 October 2022.
  59. IACHR. 2008. Juan Carlos Abella v Argentina. Case 11.137, 13 April 2008 (‘La Tablada’).
  60. IACtHR. 1995. Neira Alegria v. Peru, 19 January 1995, para. 74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0319.1995.tb00046.x
  61. IACtHR. 2017. Favela Nova Brasília v Brazil. Judgment (Preliminary objections, merits, reparations and costs), 16 February 2017.
  62. ICC. 2007. The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (ICC-01/04-01/06). Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 29 January 2007.
  63. ICRC. 2008. How is the Term “Armed Conflict” Defined in International Humanitarian Law? Opinion Paper, March 2008. Geneva. International Committee of the Red Cross.
  64. ICTY. 2008a. Prosecutor v. Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj, Lahi Brahimaj (IT-04-84). Judgment, Trial Chamber I, 3 April 2008, para. 49.
  65. Instituto de Segurança Pública. Available at: https://www.ispvisualizacao.rj.gov.br:4434/, [Last accessed 19 September 2022].
  66. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). 2010. Franklin Guillermo Aisalla Molina (Ecuador – Colombia). Report No. 112/10 (Admissibility), Inter-state Petition IP-02, October 21, 2010, paras 117–121.
  67. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). 2011. Brazil: mitigating the effects of armed violence, Interview, 16 September 2011. https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/interview/2011/brazil-interview-2011-09-01.htm [Last accessed 26 September 2022].
  68. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). 2000. Bámaca-Velásquez v Guatemala. Series C No. 70 [Merits].
  69. International Court of Justice. 1996. Legality or Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons. Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996, ICJ Reports 1996.
  70. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2008. The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga (ICC-01/04-01/07). Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 30 September 2008, para. 239.
  71. International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY). 1995. Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic. Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, 2 October 1995.
  72. International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY). 2005. Prosecutor v Fatmir Limaj, Haradin Bala, Isak Musliu (IT-03-66-T). Judgment, TC II, 30 November 2005 (‘Limaj’).
  73. Jones, C. 2021. The War Lawyers: The United States, Israel, and Judicial Warfare. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198842927.001.0001
  74. Keenan, M and Holt, V. 2018. Preparing to Protect: Advice on Implementing NATO’s Protection of Civilians Policy. NATO ACT OPEN Publications.
  75. Kenkel, KM. 2006. ‘Language matters: security discourse and civil-military relations in post-ditadura Brazil’. Paper presented at the 47th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego.
  76. Kilcullen, D. 2009. The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting small wars in the midst of a big one. London: Hurst & Co.
  77. Kolb, R. 2003. Applicability of international humanitarian law to forces under the command of an international organization. In Faite, A and Grenier, JL (eds.), Report: Expert Meeting on Multinational Peace Operations: Applicability of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law to UN mandated forces. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross.
  78. Larsen, KM. 2012. The Human Rights Treaty Obligations of Peacekeepers. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139062022
  79. Leeds, E. 1996. Cocaine and parallel polities in the Brazilian urban periphery: Constraints on local- level democratization. Latin American Research Review, 31(3): 4784. DOI: 10.1017/S0023879100018136
  80. Leeds, E. 2007. Rio de Janeiro. In Koonings, K and Kruijt, D (eds.), Fractured Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence and Contested Spaces in Latin America. London: Zed Book. pp. 2335. DOI: 10.5040/9781350220225.ch-002
  81. Lopes, M. 2022. ‘Police raid kills 18 in Rio, sparking outcry and accusations of abuse’. Washington Post, 22 July 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/07/22/brazil-rio-police-raid-favela-dead/, accessed 3 October 2022.
  82. Lubell, N. 2010. Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-state Actors. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584840.001.0001
  83. Lyra, D. 2020. Operários da firma: Mundo do trabalho no mundo do crime. Revista Antropolítica, 50(90): 90115. DOI: 10.22409/antropolitica2020.i50.a43306
  84. Neves, Y. 2019. Death from above: The use of police helicopters in Rio de Janeiro. InSight Crime, 15 July 2019. Available at: https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/death-from-above-police-helicopters-rio-de-janeiro/ [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  85. Manso, BP. 2020. A República das Milícias: Dos esquadrões da morte à era do Bolsonaro. São Paulo: Todavia.
  86. Nogueira, I and Barbon, J. 2021. Antes de apuração, diretor de Departamento de Homicídios diz que ‘não houve execução’ em operação. Folha de São Paulo, 7 May 2021. Available at: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2021/05/antes-de-apuracao-diretor-de-departamento-de-homicidios-diz-que-nao-houve-execucao-em-operacao.shtml [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  87. Olliveira, C, Couto, MI, Hirota, R and Spagnuolo, S. 2018. Tá tudo dominado: Exclusivo: as milícias assumiram o controle do Rio de Janeiro. The Intercept, 5 April 2018. Available at: https://theintercept.com/2018/04/05/milicia-controle-rio-de-janeiro/ [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  88. Peterke, S. 2012. Regulating ‘drug wars’ and other gray zone conflicts: Formal and functional approaches. HASOW (Humanitarian Action in Situations Other than War) Discussion Paper 2. Rio de Janeiro.
  89. Reidy, A. 1998. The approach of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights to International Humanitarian Law. International Review of the Red Cross, 324(30): 513530. DOI: 10.1017/S0020860400091300
  90. Reidy, A, Hampson, F and Boyle, K. 1997. Gross violations of human Rights: Invoking the European Convention on Human Rights in the Case of Turkey. Netherlands Human Rights Quarterly, 15(2): 161173. DOI: 10.1177/092405199701500203
  91. Rona, G and Wala, R. 2013. No thank you to a radical rewrite of the jus ad bellum. American Journal of International Law, 107(2): 386390. DOI: 10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.2.0386
  92. Rothenburg, D. 2018. “Se eu errar, o PT volta”, diz Bolsonaro em entrevista exclusiva. Correio Braziliense, 2 November 2018. Available at: https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2018/11/02/interna_politica,717119/em-entrevista-bolsonaro-reafirma-papel-dos-militares-no-ministerio.shtml [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  93. Sassòli, M. 2019. International Humanitarian Law: Rules, controversies, and solutions to problems arising in warfare. Geneva: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  94. Sivakumaran, S. 2012. The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/law/9780199239795.001.0001
  95. UNAMA/OHCHR. 2021. Afghanistan: Protection of civilians in armed conflict: Annual Report 2020. Kabul: United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan/Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
  96. United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC). 1982. Camargo and Suarez de Guerrero v. Colombia, 31 March 1982, CCPR/C/15/D/45/1979.
  97. Veja. 2017. Homens ostentam armas em vídeos gravados em favelas no Rio, 1 October 2017. Available at: https://istoe.com.br/homens-ostentam-armas-em-videos-gravados-em-favelas-no-rio/ [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  98. Veja. 2018. Wilson Witzel: ‘A polícia vai mirar na cabecinha e… fogo’. 1 November 2018. Available at: https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/wilson-witzel-a-policia-vai-mirar-na-cabecinha-e-fogo/ [Last accessed 18 September 2022].
  99. Viga Gaer, R. 2021. ‘At least 8 dead in mangrove after gun battle with Rio police’. 22 November 2021, Reuters.
  100. Winkler, T. 2016. ‘The Copenhagen Process Principles and Guidelines for Detention: Legal and political challenges”. In Rose, G and Oswald, B (eds.), Detention of Non-State Actors Engaged in Hostilities. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill/Nijhoff. DOI: 10.1163/9789004310643_015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.826 | Journal eISSN: 2165-2627
Language: English
Page range: 5 - 5
Submitted on: Sep 20, 2021
Accepted on: Oct 27, 2022
Published on: Nov 16, 2022
Published by: Department of Peace Studies and International Development, University of Bradford
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2022 Conor Foley, published by Department of Peace Studies and International Development, University of Bradford
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.