‘They Were Going to the Beach, Acting like Tourists, Drinking, Chasing Girls’: A Mixed-Methods Study on Community Perceptions of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by UN Peacekeepers in Haiti
By: Carla King, Sabine Lee and Susan A. Bartels
References
- Alexandra, K. 2014. Peacekeepers’ Privilege and Sexual Abuse in Post-Conflict Populations. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 23: 369–76. Available at
https://papers3://publication/uuid/3A6995F7-DBA3-4A84-94C0-0A7D1D344497 . DOI: 10.1080/10402659.2011.596078. - Allais, C. 2011. Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by UN Peacekeepers: The Psychosocial Context of Behaviour Change. Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, 39(1): 1–15. DOI: 10.5787/39-1-99
- Awori, T, Lutz, C and Thapa, PJ. 2013. Final Report on Expert Mission to Evaluate the Risks to SEA Prevention Efforts in MINUSTAH, UNMIL, MONUSCO, and UNMISS. Report Prepared for UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Available at
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/514a0127e4b04d7440e8045d/t/599da7f7f5e2310b13539b6b/1503504383454/20 . - BBC News. 2006. UN Troops Face Child Abuse Claims. BBC News, 30 November. Available at
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm . - Bell, SR, Flynn, ME and Martinez Machain, C. 2018. U.N. Peacekeeping Forces and the Demand for Sex Trafficking. International Studies Quarterly, 62(3): 643–55. DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqy017
- Blau, L. 2016. Victimizing Those They Were Sent to Protect: Enhancing Accountability for Children Born of Sexual Abuse and Exploitation by UN Peacekeepers. Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, 44(1): 122–48. DOI: 10.3868/s050-004-015-0003-8
- Boon, KE. 2016. The United Nations as Good Samaritan: Immunity and Responsibility. Chicago Journal of International Law, 16(2): 341–85. Available at
https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1693&context=cjil . - Braun, V and Clarke, V. 2006. Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2): 77–101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Caparini, M. 2019. Gender Training for Police Peacekeepers: Approaching Two Decades of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325. Stockholm International Peace Research Instiitute. 31 October. Available at
https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2019/gender-training-police-peacekeepers-approaching-two-decades-united-nations-security-council . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21890-4_7 - Caplan, R. 2014. A New Trusteeship? The International Administration of War-torn Territories. London: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315000589
- Carey, HF. 2001. ‘Women and Peace and Security’: The Politics of Implementing Gender Sensitivity Norms in Peacekeeping. International Peacekeeping, 8(2): 49–68. DOI: 10.1080/13533310108413895
- Carreiras, H. 2010. Gendered Culture in Peacekeeping Operations. International Peacekeeping, 17(4): 471–85. DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2010.516655
- Chinkin, C, Kaldor, M and Yadav, P. 2020. Gender and New Wars. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 9(1). DOI: 10.5334/sta.733
- Chisholm, A and Tidy, J. 2017. Beyond the Hegemonic in the Study of Militaries, Masculinities, and War. Critical Military Studies. DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2017.1328182
- Cognitive Edge. 2017. SenseMaker. Available at
http://cognitive-edge.com/sensemaker/ . - Duncanson, C. 2015. Hegemonic Masculinity and the Possibility of Change in Gender Relations. Men and Masculinities. DOI: 10.1177/1097184X15584912
- Ferreiro, JM. 2018.
The Discursive Construction of Identity and Legitimation in the UN Mission in Haiti (2004–2015) . Thesis, Lancaster University. Available athttps://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/129800/1/2018ferreirophd.pdf . - Fortna, VP. 2008. Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents’ Choices after Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. DOI: 10.1515/9781400837731
- Freedman, R. 2018. UN accountable: A New Approach to Peacekeepers and Sexual Abuse. European Journal of International Law, 29(3): 961–85. DOI: 10.1093/ejil/chy039
- Gordon, GM and Young, LE. 2017. Cooperation, Information, and Keeping the Peace: Civilian Engagement with Peacekeepers in Haiti. Journal of Peace Research, 54(1): 64–79. DOI: 10.1177/0022343316682063
- Harig, C. 2015. Synergy Effects Between MINUSTAH and Public Security in Brazil. Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies, 3(2): 142–68. DOI: 10.25160/v3.i2/d6
- Heathcote, G. 2014.
Participation, Gender and Security . In: Heathcote, G and Otto, D (eds.) Rethinking Peacekeeping, Gender Equality and Collective Security. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. DOI: 10.1057/9781137400215_1 - Henry, M. 2013.
Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peacekeeping Missions: Problematizing Current Responses . In: Madhok, S, Phillips, A and Wilson, K (eds.), Gender, Agency, and Coercion, 122–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. DOI: 10.1057/9781137295613_8 - Henry, M. 2015. Parades, Parties and Pests: Contradictions of Everyday Life in Peacekeeping Economies. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 9(3): 372–90. DOI: 10.1080/17502977.2015.1070021
- Henry, M. 2017. Problematizing Military Masculinity, Intersectionality and Male Vulnerability in Feminist Critical Military Studies. Critical Military Studies, 3(2): 182–99. DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2017.1325140
- Henry, MG. 2019. Keeping the Peace: Gender, Geopolitics and Global Governance Interventions. Conflict, Security and Development, 19(3): 263–68. DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2019.1608021
- Higate, P. 2007. Men and Masculinities and Sexual Exploitation. Men and Masculinities, 10(1): 99–119. DOI: 10.1177/1097184X06291896
- Howard, LM. 2019. Power in Peacekeeping. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108557689
- Hultman, L, Kathman, J and Shannon, M. 2013. United Nations Peacekeeping and Civilian Protection in Civil War. American Journal of Political Science, 57(4): 875–91. DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12036
- Hultman, L, Kathman, J and Shannon, M. 2014. Beyond Keeping Peace: United Nations Effectiveness in the Midst of Fighting. American Political Science Review, 108(4): 737–53. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055414000446
- Hultman, L, Kathman, JD and Shannon, M. 2016. United Nations Peacekeeping Dynamics and the Duration of Post-Civil Conflict Peace. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 33(3): 231–49. DOI: 10.1177/0738894215570425
- Jennings, KM. 2015. Life in a ‘Peace-Kept’ City: Encounters with the Peacekeeping Economy. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 9(3): 296–315. DOI: 10.1080/17502977.2015.1054659
- Jennings, KM. 2019. Conditional Protection? Sex, Gender, and Discourse in UN Peacekeeping. International Studies Quarterly, 63(1): 30–42. DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqy048
- Jennings, K and Bøås, M. 2015. Transactions and Interactions: Everyday Life in the Peacekeeping Economy. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 9(3): 281–95. DOI: 10.1080/17502977.2015.1070022
- Jennings, K and Nikolić-Ristanović, V. 2009.
UN Peacekeeping Economies and Local Sex Industries: Connections and Implications . MICROCON Research Working Paper 17. Brighton. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1488842 - Joseph, M and Wisner, S. 2019. Lawyers Denounce UN’s Failure to Cooperate in Paternity and Child Support Suits Against UN Peacekeepers. BAI and IJDH. Available at
http://www.ijdh.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Press-Release-Open-Letter-to-UN-Victims-Rights-Advocate-2-1.pdf . - Karim, S. 2017. Reevaluating Peacekeeping Effectiveness: Does Gender Neutrality Inhibit Progress? International Interactions, 43(5): 822–47. DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2017.1231113
- Karim, S and Beardsley, K. 2016. Explaining Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Peacekeeping Missions: The Role of Female Peacekeepers and Gender Equality in Contributing Countries. Journal of Peace Research, 53(1): 100–115. DOI: 10.1177/0022343315615506
- Kent, VL. 2005. Peacekeepers as Perpetrators of Abuse. African Security Studies, 14(2): 85–92. DOI: 10.1080/10246029.2005.9627358
- Kolbe, AR. 2015. ‘It’s Not a Gift When It Comes with a Price’: A Qualitative Study of Transactional Sex Between UN Peacekeepers and Haitian Citizens. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 4(1): 1–26. DOI: 10.5334/sta.gf
- Kreft, AK. 2017. The Gender Mainstreaming Gap: Security Council Resolution 1325 and UN Peacekeeping Mandates. International Peacekeeping, 24(1): 132–58. DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2016.1195267
- Kronsell, A. 2012. Gender, Sex, and the Postnational Defense: Militarism and Peacekeeping. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199846061.001.0001
- Kronsell, A and Svedberg, E. 2011. Making Gender, Making War: Violence, Military and Peacekeeping Practices. DOI: 10.4324/9780203803202
- Lee, S. 2017. Children Born of War in the Twentieth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press. DOI: 10.7765/9781526104601.00006
- Lee, S and Bartels, SA. 2019. ‘They Put a Few Coins in Your Hand to Drop a Baby in You’: A Study of Peacekeeper-fathered Children in Haiti. International Peacekeeping, 27(2): 177–209. DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2019.1698297
- Mazurana, DE, Raven-Roberts, A and Parpart, J. 2005. Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Neudorfer, K. 2015. Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peacekeeping. London: Lexington Books.
- Prince Hussein Zeid. 2005. A Comprehensive Strategy to Eliminate Future Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. United Nations. Available at
https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/59/710 . - Pruitt, LJ. 2016. The Women in Blue Helmets: Gender, Policing, and the UN’s First All-Female Peacekeeping Unit. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520290600.001.0001
- Quinn, JM, Mason, TD and Gurses, M. 2007. Sustaining the Peace: Determinants of Civil War Recurrence. International Interactions, 33: 167–93. Available at
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.queensu.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=8a8669c4-47c6-4cce-9e09-147ff6c70ee0%40pdc-v-sessmgr03 . - Republic of Haiti. 2016. On the Abuse and Sexual Exploitation of Women, Girls, and Young Men by United Nations Agents, and the Violation of the Right to Access Remedies. 26th Session of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review. Available at
http://www.ijdh.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/EPU-2016-SEA-MINUSTAHs-victims-rights-english-version-1.pdf . - Rodriguez, M and Kinne, B. 2019. Blue Helmets, Red Flags: Institutional, Societal, and Military Determinants of Peacekeeping Abuses. International Studies Quarterly, 63: 626–40. DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqz020
- Saldaña, J. 2012. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Shepherd, LJ. 2010. Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations. DOI: 10.4324/9780203864944
- Shepherd, LJ. 2017. Why UN Peacebuilding Discourse Matters. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199982721.003.0006
- Simić, O and O’Brien, M. 2014. Peacekeeper Babies: An Unintended Legacy of United Nations Peace Support Operations’. International Peacekeeping, 21(3): 345–363. DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2014.938581
- Simm, G. 2013. Sex in Peace Operations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://books.scholarsportal.info/viewdoc.html?id=/ebooks/ebooks1/cambridgeonline/2013-12-03/1/9781139343398 . - Smith, D and Skjelsbaek, I. (eds.) 2001. Gender, Peace and Conflict. London: Sage Publications.
- Snyder, M. 2017. UN SEA: Sexual Exploitation and Abuse at the Hands of the United Nation’s Stabilization Mission in Haiti. Available at
http://cepr.net/images/documents/UNSEA_11JAN17_FINAL.pdf . - Stiehm, JH. 2001. Women, Peacekeeping and Peacemaking: Gender Balance and Mainstreaming. International Peacekeeping, 8(2): 39–48. DOI: 10.1080/13533310108413894
- Stoebenau, K, Heise, L, Wamoyi, J and Bobrova, N. 2016. Revisiting the Understanding of ‘Transactional Sex’ in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature. Social Science and Medicine, 168: 186–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.023
- Talentino, AK. 2007. Perceptions of Peacebuilding: The Dynamic of Imposer and Imposed Upon. International Studies Perspectives, 8(2): 152–71. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00278.x
- UN. 2017a. Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. Available at
http://www.stoprapenow.org/uploads/advocacyresources/1494280398.pdf . - UN. 2017b. Glossary on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse. 2nd ed. Available at
https://hr.un.org/sites/hr.un.org/files/SEA Glossary%5BSecondEdition–2017%5D–English_0.pdf . - UN. n.d. Mandates and the Legal Basis for Peacekeeping. Available at
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mandates-and-legal-basis-peacekeeping [Last accessed 9 April 2020]. - UN General Assembly. 2007a. Comprehensive Strategy on Assistance and Support to Victims of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by United Nations Personnel and Related Personnel. Available at
https://cdu.unlb.org/Portals/0/Documents/KeyDoc13.pdf . - UN General Assembly. 2007b. Criminal Accountability of United Nations Officials and Experts on Mission – Sixty-Ninth Session – Sixth Committee (Legal) - UN General Assembly. Available at
https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/69/criminal_accountability.shtml . - UN General Assembly. 2011. Model Memorandum of Understanding between the United Nations and [Participating State] Contributing Resources to [the United Nations Peacekeeping Operation] in Manual on Policies and Procedures Concerning the Reimbursement and Control of Contingent-Owned. Available at
https://undocs.org/A/C.5/66/8 . - UN Human Rights Council. 2008.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences . Edited by Mission to the Demcratic Republic of Congo Yakin Erturk. UN. Available athttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/7session/A.HRC.7.6.Add.4.doc . - UN Secretariat. 2003. Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse. Available at
https://undocs.org/ST/SGB/2003/13 . - UN Security Council. 2016. Security Council Resolution 2272. Available at
https://undocs.org/S/RES/2272(2016) . - Vahedi, L, Bartels, S and Lee, S. 2019. ‘Even Peacekeepers Expect Something in Return’: A Qualitative Analysis of Sexual Interactions between UN Peacekeepers and Female Haitians. Global Public Health. DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2019.1706758
- Westendorf, J-K. 2020. Violating Peace: Sex, Aid, and Peacekeeping. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. DOI: 10.7591/9781501748073
- Women’s International League for Peace & Freedom. n.d. Madeleine Rees on UN Security Council Resolution 2467 – WILPF. Available at
https://www.wilpf.org/madeleine-rees-on-un-security-council-resolution-2467/ [Last accessed 17 December 2019]. - Yearman, K. 2007. The Cite Soleil Massacre Declassification Project. Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti, Beaureau Des Avocats Internationaux. Available at
http://www.ijdh.org/2007/06/archive/the-cite-soleil-massacre-declassification-project/ .
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.766 | Journal eISSN: 2165-2627
Language: English
Page range: 10 - 10
Submitted on: Jan 6, 2020
Accepted on: Apr 20, 2020
Published on: May 21, 2020
Published by: Department of Peace Studies and International Development, University of Bradford
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2020 Carla King, Sabine Lee, Susan A. Bartels, published by Department of Peace Studies and International Development, University of Bradford
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.