| Type | Control | Agency | Exploitation | Perpetrators |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Migration away from conflict/political violence | Migrants rely on smugglers/traffickers for their transportation, and experience varied levels of control. | Choose to travel, but vulnerable because of irregular status. | Extortion Sexual abuse Forced/exploitative labour Organ harvesting. | Network of smugglers, traffickers. Host communities. |
| Sex trafficking into conflict | Held in secure locations, difficult to leave. | Some may be openly recruited, others deceived with false offers of employment. | Sexual abuse, forced sexual exploitation. | Trafficking networks; UN missions; soldiers. |
| Trafficking from refugee/IDP camps | Varies — often held in secure locations in destination, such as brothels. Risk of debt bondage. | Desperate to leave — often deception/false offers of employment. | End up in exploitative labour/forced sexual exploitation. | Trafficking network. |
| Kidnapping to sell | Held by armed groups and sold on. | Kidnapped. | May be abused by armed groups. When sold treated as slaves. | Armed groups. |
| Kidnapping for forced labour/combat | Held by armed groups. Violent initiation that ties to group. Threats if attempt to leave. | Kidnapped. Some handed over by families for survival or out of fear. | Forced labour — porters, cooks etc. Child soldiers. | Armed groups. |
| Kidnapping for sexual slavery | Held by armed groups. Threats if attempt to leave. | Kidnapped. | Sexual slavery. | Armed groups (targeting of particular groups, e.g. Yazidi, Christian as tactic of war). |
| Forced/underage marriage | Can be tantamount to handing over ownership. | Family see as form of protection. Cultural practice. | Sexual abuse; limitations on freedom; ‘menace of penalty’ if not behaving appropriately. | Families. |
Figures & Tables
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.631 | Journal eISSN: 2165-2627
Language: English
Page range: 4 - 4
Submitted on: Feb 23, 2018
Accepted on: May 24, 2019
Published on: Jul 11, 2019
Published by: Department of Peace Studies and International Development, University of Bradford
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2019 Sasha Jesperson, published by Department of Peace Studies and International Development, University of Bradford
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.