Figure 1
The author sees himself in this inkblot. What do you see?
Figure credit: Hermann Rorschach (born 1884 in Zurich, deceased 1922 in Herisau), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Inkblot_2.tif).
Figure 2
What a difference a sample of one makes.
Figure 3
Mean trait attributions by Americans and Italians (data from Krueger, 1996).
Figure 4
This is not the Monte Verità.
Figure 5
The Projecting Prisoner’s Non-Dilemma.
Table 1
Selected Explananda of Projection.
| EXPLANANDUM | SOURCE | ROLE OF PROJECTION |
|---|---|---|
| Ingroup Favoritism | Krueger et al. (2024) | Differential projection makes ingroups look more positive than outgroups for people with positive self-images |
| Differential Accuracy | Krueger et al. (2024) | Differential projection makes (prototypical) group members perceive their ingroup more accurately than outgroups |
| Self-Enhancement | Krueger et al. (2024) | Projection reduces self-enhancement |
| Cooperation | Krueger et al. (2012) | Projection induces cooperation by focusing attention on mutual outcomes in a social dilemma |
| Voting | Acevedo & Krueger (2004) | Like projection induces cooperation in general, the voter’s illusion increases turnout |
| Overvolunteering | Krueger et al. (2016) | Projection introduces inefficiencies into a Volunteer’s Dilemma |
| Diachronic Self-Perception | Ullrich et al. (2025) | Differential projection predicts subjective growth |
Figure 6
Joachim as a Confederate (Krüger & Möller, 1982).