Table 1
Drinking water treatment methods and removal rates.
| METHOD | POLLUTANTS | REMOVAL EFFICIENCY | REFERENCE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorination | Viruses | Complete inactivation at CT value of 10 mg·min/L | (Kong et al., 2021) |
| Flocculation (magnetic Fe3O4) | Microplastics (PE, PS) | > 80% removal in lab & environmental samples | (Shi et al., 2022) |
| Flocculation (CC-FeO + 2DMOF nanocomposite) | Microplastics & methylene blue dye | ≈ 100% removal within 1 h | (Haris et al., 2023) |
| Filtration (GO/CG graphene filter) | Pb, Cd, Hg | Pb 90%; Cd 70%; Hg 90% | (Schmidt, et al., 2023) |
| Biological filtration (nitrifying biofilter) | NH4+ | > 95% across 0.5 – 8.4 m h–¹ flow rates | (Dragić, et al., 2024) |
Table 2
Adsorption performance of silica, zeolite, and AC in reducing pollutant concentrations. (Malekmohammadi et al., 2016).
| Pollutant | Ci (mg/L) | SILICA ADSORBENT | ZEOLITE ADSORBENT | ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORBENT | DRINKING WATER STANDARD (mg/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cout (mg/L) | Cout(mg/L) | Cout (mg/L) | |||
| Ammonium | 5.50 | 4.70 | 1.50 | 3.50 | 1.50 |
| Iron | 0.55 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 0.3 |
| Phosphate | 4.00 | 2.80 | 1.20 | 0.25 | N/A |
| COD | 200 | 70.0 | 180 | 21.00 | 0 |
| Turbidity* | 100* | 81.0* | N/A | 9.7* | 5* |
[i] Remarks: (*) is in NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit), N/A is no data available, Ci is initial concentration, Cout is final concentration.