Abstract
Water is a fundamental resource vital to the survival and well-being of all living organisms. Ensuring access to clean and safe drinking water has been a central concern of human societies since the earliest civilizations. Over time, the methods and technologies for water treatment have evolved significantly, which reflects advances in science, engineering, and public health. Today, drinking water treatment systems serve as a cornerstone of modern infrastructure and are designed to remove contaminants and safeguard populations against waterborne diseases and environmental pollutants. This paper explores current treatment technologies—including chlorination, flocculation, filtration, biological filtration, adsorption, and emerging technologies and nanotechnology-based approaches—to highlight their effectiveness and limitations. It also examines challenges such as emerging pollutants, temperature fluctuations, toxic sludge generation, and climate change. The discussion underscores the urgent need for innovative technologies, sustainable practices, and robust regulatory frameworks to ensure access to safe and clean drinking water. Addressing these issues is critical in protecting public health and conserving water resources for future generations.