References
- Rabi DM, Kunneman M, Montori VM. When guidelines recommend shared decision-making. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1345–1346. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.1525
- Informed consent and shared decision making in obstetrics and gynecology: ACOG Committee Opinion, Number 819. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;137(2):e34–e41. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004247
- Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Milestones by Specialty. Accessed January 25, 2026.
https://www.acgme.org/milestones/milestones-by-specialty/ . - Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. CanMEDS 2015 Physician Competency Framework. Understanding the CanMEDS Role: Communicator. Accessed January 25, 2026.
https://www.royalcollege.ca/en/standards-and-accreditation/canmeds/communicator-role.html . - Elwyn G, Durand MA, Song J, Aarts J, Barr PJ, Berger Z, Cochran N, Frosch D, Galasiński D, Gulbrandsen P, Han PKJ, Härter M, Kinnersley P, Lloyd A, Mishra M, Perestelo-Perez L, Scholl I, Tomori K, Trevena L, Witteman HO, Van der Weijden T. A three-talk model for shared decision making: multistage consultation process. BMJ. 2017;359:
j4891 . DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j4891 - Müller E, Strukava A, Scholl I, Härter M, Diouf NT, Légaré F, Buchholz A. Strategies to evaluate healthcare provider trainings in shared decision-making (SDM): a systematic review of evaluation studies. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):
e026488 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026488 - Cooke-Jackson A, Rubinsky V, Gunning JN. “Wish I would have known that before I started using it”: contraceptive messages and information seeking among young women. Health Commun. 2023;38(4):834–843. DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1980249
- Alspaugh A, Barroso J, Reibel M, Phillips S. Women’s contraceptive perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes: an integrative review of qualitative research. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2020;65(1):64–84. DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12992
- Konopasky AW, Sheridan K M. Towards a diagnostic toolkit for the language of agency. Mind, Culture, and Activity. 2016;23(2):108–123. DOI: 10.1080/10749039.2015.1128952
- Côté CI. A critical and systematic literature review of epistemic justice applied to healthcare: recommendations for a patient partnership approach. Med Health Care Philos. 2024;27(3):455–477. DOI: 10.1007/s11019-024-10210-1
- Thomas A, Kuper A, Chin-Yee B, Park M. What is “shared” in shared decision-making? Philosophical perspectives, epistemic justice, and implications for health professions education. J Eval Clin Pract. 2020;26(2):409–418. DOI: 10.1111/jep.13370
- Stavropoulou C.
The doctor-patient relationship: a review of the theory and policy implications . In: McGuire A, Costa-Font J, editors. The LSE companion to health policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2012. pp. 314–26. DOI: 10.4337/9781781004241.00030 - Koopman WJ, LaDonna KA, Anne Kinsella E, Venance SL, Watling CJ. Getting airtime: exploring how patients shape the stories they tell health practitioners. Med Educ. 2021;55(10):1142–1151. DOI: 10.1111/medu.14561
- Martin J, Sugarman J, Thompson J, editors. Psychology and the question of agency. Albany, NY: SUNY Press; 2003. DOI: 10.1353/book4669
- Miller JG, Das R, Chakravarthy S. Culture and the role of choice in agency. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011;101(1):46–61. DOI: 10.1037/a0023330
- Kaptelinin V, Nardi BA. Acting with technology: activity theory and interaction design. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2006. DOI: 10.5210/fm.v12i4.1772
- Sun S, Simonsson O, McGarvey S, Torous J, Goldberg SB. Mobile phone interventions to improve health outcomes among patients with chronic diseases: an umbrella review and evidence synthesis from 34 meta-analyses. Lancet Digit Health. 2024;6(11):e857–e870. DOI: 10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00119-5
- Holland D, Lachicotte W
Jr , Skinner D, Cain C, editors. Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2001. - Konopasky A, O’Brien BC, Artino AR
Jr , Driessen EW, Watling CJ, Maggio LA. I, we and they: a linguistic and narrative exploration of the authorship process. Med Educ. 2022;56(4):456–464. DOI: 10.1111/medu.14697 - Konopasky A, Varpio L, Stalmeijer RE. The potential of narrative analysis for HPE research: highlighting five analytic lenses. Med Educ. 2021;55(12):1369–1375. DOI: 10.1111/medu.14597. Erratum in: Med Educ. 2023;57(2):204. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14999 - Konopasky A, Finn GM, Varpio L. Moving beyond static, individualistic approaches to agency: theories of agency for medical education researchers: AMEE Guide No. 177. Med Teach. 2025;47(8):1252–1261. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2024.2445045
- Kaufman R, Brown R, Martínez Coral C, Jacob J, Onyango M, Thomasen K. Global impacts of Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization and abortion regression in the United States. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2022;30(1):
2135574 . DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2022.2135574 - Dehlendorf C, Krajewski C, Borrero S. Contraceptive counseling: best practices to ensure quality communication and enable effective contraceptive use. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2014;57(4):659–73. DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000059
- Meier S, Sundstrom B, Delay C, DeMaria AL. “Nobody’s ever told me that”: women’s experiences with shared decision-making when accessing contraception. Health Commun. 2021;36(2):179–187. DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2019.1669271
- Witkop CT, Maggio LA, Harvey EJ, Torre DM. Complexity in shared decision making: a qualitative analysis of clinical encounters and patient/physician interviews. MedEdPublish. 2022;12:
17 . DOI: 10.12688/mep.19043.1 - Witkop CT, Torre DM, Maggio LA. Decide + Be Ready: a contraceptive decision-making mobile application for servicewomen. Mil Med. 2021;186(11–12):300–304. DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab194
- Dedoose [Computer software]. Version 9.0.18. Los Angeles, CA: SocioCultural Research Consultants; 2023. Available from:
https://www.dedoose.com . - Martin JR, Rose D, editors. Working with discourse: meaning beyond the clause. London: Bloomsbury Publishing; 2003.
- Halliday MAK, Matthiessen CM, editors. Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar. 4th ed. London: Routledge; 2014. DOI: 10.4324/9780203783771
- Konopasky AW, Sheridan KM. Towards a diagnostic toolkit for the language of agency. Mind Cult Act. 2016;23(2):108–23. DOI: 10.1080/10749039.2015.1128952
- Enfield NJ.
Distribution of agency . In: Enfield NJ, Kockelman P, editors. Distributed agency. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2017. pp. 9–14. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190457204.003.0002 - Fulcher K, Drabkin M, Gibson J, Francoeur J, Eurchuk A, Weaver M, et al. Contraceptive decision-making and priorities: what happens before patients see a healthcare provider. Can J Hum Sex. 2021;30(1):56–64. DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.2020-0052
- Kaptelinin V, Nardi BA. Acting with technology: activity theory and interaction design. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2006. DOI: 10.5210/fm.v12i4.1772
- O’Connor AM, Bennett C, Stacey D, Barry MJ, Col NF, Eden KB, Entwistle V, Fiset V, Holmes-Rovner M, Khangura S, Llewellyn-Thomas H, Rovner DR. Do patient decision aids meet effectiveness criteria of the international patient decision aid standards collaboration? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Decis Making. 2007;27(5):554–74. DOI: 10.1177/0272989X07307319
- Sepucha KR, Borkhoff CM, Lally J, Levin CA, Matlock DD, Ng CJ, Ropka ME, Stacey D, Joseph-Williams N, Wills CE, Thomson R. Establishing the effectiveness of patient decision aids: key constructs and measurement instruments. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2013;13 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):
S12 . DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-13-S2-S12 - Gulbrandsen P, Clayman ML, Beach MC, Han PK, Boss EF, Ofstad EH, Elwyn G. Shared decision-making as an existential journey: aiming for restored autonomous capacity. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(9):1505–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.07.014
- Staples S. The discourse of nurse-patient interactions: contrasting the communicative styles of U.S. and international nurses. Amsterdam: John Benjamins; 2015. DOI: 10.1075/scl.72
- Elwyn G, Frosch D, Thomson R, Joseph-Williams N, Lloyd A, Kinnersley P, Cording E, Tomson D, Dodd C, Rollnick S, Edwards A, Barry M. Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(10):1361–7. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-012-2077-6
- Loder CM, Minadeo L, Jimenez L, Luna Z, Ross L, Rosenbloom N, Stalburg CM, Harris LH. Bridging the expertise of advocates and academics to identify reproductive justice learning outcomes. Teach Learn Med. 2020;32(1):11–22. DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2019.1631168
- Bachorik AE, Shankar M, Williams M, Beaman J, McClintock AH. Teaching reproductive justice. Clin Teach. 2023;20(4):
e13593 . DOI: 10.1111/tct.13593