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Adjustment of Assessors’ First Impressions Differs by Student Ethnicity Cover

Adjustment of Assessors’ First Impressions Differs by Student Ethnicity

Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Study Design.

STUDENT ETHNICITYASCENDING PERFORMANCEDESCENDING PERFORMANCE
MAJORITYMINORITYMAJORITYMINORITY
Group 1Script A
(video 1)
Script B
(video 4)
Script C
(video 5)
Script D
(video 8)
Group 2Script B
(video 3)
Script A
(video 2)
Script D
(video 7)
Script C
(video 6)

[i] Notes. Scripts: A cough, B stomach complaints, C headache complaints, D tiredness.

Group 1 watched videos 1, 4, 5, and 8. Group 2 watched videos 2, 3, 6, and 7. Within both groups, videos were presented in four different orders.

pme-14-1-2196-g1.png
Figure 1

LMM Estimates of First Impression and Final Ratings.

Notes. **p < .01, *p < .05, n.s. not significant. LMM estimates are controlled for script differences.

pme-14-1-2196-g2.png
Figure 2

Rating Changes: LMM Estimates of Changes Between First Impressions and Final Ratings.

Notes. **p < .01, *p < .05. LLM estimates are controlled for script differences.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pme.2196 | Journal eISSN: 2212-277X
Language: English
Submitted on: Oct 14, 2025
Accepted on: Nov 10, 2025
Published on: Dec 9, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Joris J. Steinmann, Inge Otto, Marise Ph. Born, Eva Derous, Andrea M. Woltman, Walter W. van den Broek, Karen M. Stegers-Jager, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.