Table 1
Demographic characteristics (N = 79).
| VARIABLES | iCST (n = 28) | VR (n = 29) | iCST+VR (n = 22) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Age, Mean (SD) | 23.71 (1.72) | 22.93 (1.00) | 23.45 (1.71) | 0.138 | |
| Sex | Male | 14(50.0) | 20(69.0) | 14(63.6) | 0.324 |
| Female | 14(50.0) | 9(31.0) | 8(36.4) | ||
| Economic status | Poor | 2(7.1) | 2(6.9) | 3(13.5) | 0.102 |
| Moderate | 18(64.3) | 14(48.3) | 17(77.3) | ||
| Sufficient | 7(25.0) | 13(44.8) | 1(4.5) | ||
| Level of internship stress | Low | 2(7.1) | 9(31.0) | 1(4.5) | 0.006 |
| Moderate | 14(50.0) | 17(58.6) | 18(81.8) | ||
| High | 12(42.8) | 3(10.3) | 3(13.6) | ||
| Has been taken courses related to truth-telling | |||||
| Yes | 17(60.7) | 15(51.7) | 17(77.3) | 0.174 | |
| No | 11(39.3) | 14(48.3) | 5(22.7) | ||
| Support to hold CST courses related to truth-telling | |||||
| Fair | 1(3.6) | 1(3.4) | 2(9.1) | 0.901 | |
| Support | 15(53.6) | 16(55.2) | 11(50.0) | ||
| Very support | 12(42.9) | 12(41.4) | 9(40.9) | ||
[i] iCST, in-person communication skills training; CST, communication skills training; VR, virtual reality.
Figure 1
Score Trend of TTQ-20 from T0 to T3 (N = 79).
TTQ-20, truth-telling questionnaire-20 items; iCST, in-person communication skills training; VR, virtual reality.
T0, before the intervention; T1, immediately after the intervention; T2, three months after the intervention; T3, six months after the intervention.
Table 2
Group and Time Differences in TTQ-20 (N = 79).
| VARIABLES | B | SE | WALD χ2 | 95% CI | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOWER LIMIT | UPPER LIMIT | |||||
| Time | ||||||
| T3 | –1.250 | 2.769 | 0.204 | –6.677 | 4.177 | .652 |
| T2 | 1.289 | 1.802 | 0.512 | –2.242 | 4.820 | .474 |
| T1 | 4.036 | 2.169 | 3.461 | –0.216 | 8.287 | .063 |
| T0 | 0† | |||||
| Group | ||||||
| iCST+VR | 0.341 | 1.971 | 0.030 | –3.522 | 4.204 | .863 |
| VR | 1.784 | 1.730 | 1.064 | –1.607 | 5.176 | .302 |
| iCST | 0† | |||||
| Group × Time | ||||||
| iCST+VR × T3 | 8.517 | 3.278 | 6.752 | 2.093 | 14.942 | .009 |
| iCST+VR × T2 | 2.651 | 2.8122 | 0.888 | –2.861 | 8.162 | .346 |
| iCST+VR × T1 | 4.313 | 2.8676 | 2.262 | –1.307 | 9.934 | .133 |
| VR × T3 | 3.553 | 4.2521 | 0.698 | –4.781 | 11.887 | .403 |
| VR × T2 | –0.404 | 2.4621 | 0.027 | –5.229 | 4.422 | .870 |
| VR × T1 | 0.861 | 2.4118 | 0.127 | –3.866 | 5.588 | .721 |
| iCST × T0 | 0† | |||||
[i] TTQ-20, truth-telling questionnaire-20 items; iCST, in-person communication skills training; VR, virtual reality. T0, before the intervention; T1, immediately after the intervention; T2, three months after the intervention; T3, six months after the intervention.
Adjusted: level of internship stress. † Reference group: iCST and T0 (baseline).