Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Breaking Bad News to Learners: How Well Does the SPIKES Clinical Model Translate? Cover

Breaking Bad News to Learners: How Well Does the SPIKES Clinical Model Translate?

Perspectives on Medical Education
Volume 13 (2024): Issue 1
By: Lynnea M. Mills,  Olle ten Cate,  Christy Boscardin and  Patricia S. O’Sullivan  
Open Access
|Dec 2024

References

  1. 1Guerrasio J, Brooks E, Rumack CM, Christensen A, Aagaard EM. Association of Characteristics, Deficits, and Outcomes of Residents Placed on Probation at One Institution, 2002–2012. Acad Med. 2016; 91(3): 382–387. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000879
    Back to article
  2. 2Scarff CE, Bearman M, Chiavaroli N, Trumble S. Assessor discomfort and failure to fail in clinical performance assessments. BMC Med Educ. 2023; 23(1): 901. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04688-1
    Back to article
  3. 3Guerrasio J, Furfari KA, Rosenthal LD, Nogar CL, Wray KW, Aagaard EM. Failure to fail: The institutional perspective. Med Teach. 2014; 36(9): 799–803. DOI: 10.3109/0142159X.2014.910295
    Back to article
  4. 4Desai SV, Burk-Rafel J, Lomis KD, et al. Precision Education: The Future of Lifelong Learning in Medicine. Acad Med. 2024; 99(4S Suppl 1): S14–S20. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005601
    Back to article
  5. 5Chinai SA, Guth T, Lovell E, Epter M. Taking Advantage of the Teachable Moment: A Review of Learner-Centered Clinical Teaching Models. West J Emerg Med. 2018; 19(1): 28–34. DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2017.8.35277
    Back to article
  6. 6Cook DA, Beckman TJ. High-value, cost-conscious medical education. JAMA Pediatr. 2015; 169(2): 109–111. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2964
    Back to article
  7. 7Telio S, Ajjawi R, Regehr G. The “Educational Alliance” as a Framework for Reconceptualizing Feedback in Medical Education: Acad Med. 2015; 90(5): 609–614. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000560
    Back to article
  8. 8Holyoak KJ. Analogies and Relational Reasoning. In: Holyoak KJ, Morrison RG, (editors) The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. 1st ed. Oxford University Press; 2012: 234–259. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734689.013.0013
    Back to article
  9. 9Chokshi B, Battista A, Merkebu J, Hansen S, Blatt B, Lopreiato J. The SOAP Feedback Training Program. Clin Teach. 2023 Dec; 20(6): e13611. DOI: 10.1111/tct.13611
    Back to article
  10. 10Berger JT, Ribeiro Miller D. Physicians Should Stop Breaking Bad News. J Gen Intern Med. 2022; 37(13): 3475–3476. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07566-6
    Back to article
  11. 11Patel RS, Tarrant C, Bonas S, Shaw RL. Medical students’ personal experience of high-stakes failure: case studies using interpretative phenomenological analysis. BMC Med Educ. 2015 May 12; 15: 86. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-015-0371-9
    Back to article
  12. 12Jay R, Hagan P, Madan C, Patel R. A phenomenological exploration of the feedback experience of medical students after summative exam failure. BMC Med Educ. 2023 Dec 8; 23(1): 930. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04892-z
    Back to article
  13. 13Mills LM, Stenfors T, Duffy M, et al. “When You’re in It, It Feels Like It’s Everything”: Medical Students’ Experience of Failure and Remediation in the United States and the Netherlands. Acad Med. 2024 Nov 1; 99(11): 1254–1259. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005845
    Back to article
  14. 14Buckman R. How to Break Bad News: A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Johns Hopkins University Press; 1992. DOI: 10.3138/9781487596989
    Back to article
  15. 15Jalali R, Jalali A, Jalilian M. Breaking Bad News in Medical Services: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Heliyon. 2023 Mar 22; 9(4): e14734. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14734
    Back to article
  16. 16Baile WF, Buckman R, Lenzi R, Glober G, Beale EA, Kudelka AP. SPIKES-A six-step protocol for delivering bad news: application to the patient with cancer. Oncologist. 2000; 5(4): 302–311. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.5-4-302
    Back to article
  17. 17Mahendiran M, Yeung H, Rossi S, Khosravani H, Perri GA. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the SPIKES Model to Break Bad News – A Systematic Review. Am J Hosp Palliat Med. 2023; 40(11): 1231–1260. DOI: 10.1177/10499091221146296
    Back to article
  18. 18Ptacek JT, Eberhardt TL. Breaking Bad News: A Review of the Literature. JAMA. 1996; 276(6): 496–502. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1996.03540060072041
    Back to article
  19. 19Meitar D, Karnieli-Miller O. Twelve tips to manage a breaking bad news process: Using S-P-w-ICE-S – A revised version of the SPIKES protocol. Med Teach. 2022; 44(10): 1087–1091. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2021.1928618
    Back to article
  20. 20Meitar D, Karnieli-Miller O, Eidelman S. The Impact of Senior Medical Students’ Personal Difficulties on Their Communication Patterns in Breaking Bad News. Acad Med. 2009; 84(11): 1582. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181bb2b94
    Back to article
  21. 21Ramani S, Könings KD, Ginsburg S, van der Vleuten CPM. Meaningful feedback through a sociocultural lens. Med Teach. 2019; 41(12): 1342–1352. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2019.1656804
    Back to article
  22. 22Hays RB, Jolly BC, Caldon LJM, et al. Is insight important? measuring capacity to change performance. Med Educ. 2002; 36(10): 965–971. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01317.x
    Back to article
  23. 23Eva KW, Regehr G, Gruppen LD. 6. Blinded By “Insight”: Self-Assessment and Its Role in Performance Improvement. In: 6. Blinded By “Insight”: Self-Assessment and Its Role in Performance Improvement. Cornell University Press; 2012: 131–154. DOI: 10.7591/9780801465802-010
    Back to article
  24. 24Sargeant J, Armson H, Chesluk B, et al. The processes and dimensions of informed self-assessment: a conceptual model. Acad Med. 2010; 85(7): 1212–1220. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d85a4e
    Back to article
  25. 25Miller SM. Monitoring versus blunting styles of coping with cancer influence the information patients want and need about their disease. Implications for cancer screening and management. Cancer. 1995; 76(2): 167–177. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950715)76:2>;167::AID-CNCR2820760203<3.0.CO;2-K
    Back to article
  26. 26Robb KA, Rosenbaum ME, Peters L, Lenoch S, Lancianese D, Miller JL. Self-Assessment in Feedback Conversations: A Complicated Balance. Acad Med. 2023; 98(2): 248–254. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004917
    Back to article
  27. 27Maynard DW. How to tell patients bad news: the strategy of “forecasting.” Cleve Clin J Med. 1997; 64(4): 181–182. DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.64.4.181
    Back to article
  28. 28Vandekieft GK. Breaking Bad News. Am Fam Physician. 2001; 64(12): 1975–1979.
    Back to article
  29. 29Shaker L, Amilcar C, Kothari N, Murano T. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Remediation Among Trainees in Graduate Medical Education Programs. J Emerg Med. 2023; 65(1): e41–e49. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.04.008
    Back to article
  30. 30Landoll RR, Bennion LD, Maranich AM, et al. Extending growth curves: a trajectory monitoring approach to identification and interventions in struggling medical student learners. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2022; 27(3): 645–658. DOI: 10.1007/s10459-022-10109-7
    Back to article
  31. 31Stafford M, Johnson B, Hessler D, et al. A Systematic Approach to Working With Medical Learners in Difficulty: A Faculty Development Workshop. MedEdPORTAL. 2020; 16. DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10872
    Back to article
  32. 32Shapiro J. Perspective: Does Medical Education Promote Professional Alexithymia? A Call for Attending to the Emotions of Patients and Self in Medical Training: Acad Med. 2011; 86(3): 326–332. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182088833
    Back to article
  33. 33Bynum WE. Assessing for Learner Shame Should Be a Routine Part of Remediation for Unprofessional Behavior. Acad Med. 2017; 92(4): 424. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001585
    Back to article
  34. 34Weiner B. Attribution Theory, Achievement Motivation, and the Educational Process. Rev Educ Res. 1972; 42(2): 203–215. DOI: 10.2307/1170017
    Back to article
  35. 35Cook DA, Artino AR. Motivation to learn: an overview of contemporary theories. Med Educ. 2016; 50(10): 997–1014. DOI: 10.1111/medu.13074
    Back to article
  36. 36Back A, Arnold R, Tulsky J. TALKING ABOUT SERIOUS NEWS: When the emotional channel is on high. In: Mastering Communication with Seriously Ill Patients. Cambridge University Press; 2009: 21–38. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511576454.004
    Back to article
  37. 37Faiman B, Tariman JD. Shared Decision Making: Improving Patient Outcomes by Understanding the Benefits of and Barriers to Effective Communication. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2019; 23(5): 540–542. DOI: 10.1188/19.CJON.540-542
    Back to article
  38. 38Bierer SB, Dannefer EF, Tetzlaff JE. Time to Loosen the Apron Strings: Cohort-based Evaluation of a Learner-driven Remediation Model at One Medical School. J Gen Intern Med. 2015; 30(9): 1339–1343. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-015-3343-1
    Back to article
  39. 39Kalet A, Guerrasio J, Chou CL. Twelve tips for developing and maintaining a remediation program in medical education. Med Teach. 2016; 38(8): 787–792. DOI: 10.3109/0142159X.2016.1150983
    Back to article
  40. 40Dweck CS. Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. 1st ed. Random House; 2008.
    Back to article
  41. 41Richardson D, Kinnear B, Hauer KE, et al. Growth mindset in competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 2021; 43(7): 751–757. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2021.1928036
    Back to article
  42. 42Morton K, et al. The Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing for Health Behaviour Change in Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Review. Health Psychol Rev. 2015; 9(2): 205–23. DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2014.882006
    Back to article
  43. 43Zabalegui A, Sanchez S, Sanchez PD, Juando C. Nursing and cancer support groups. J Adv Nurs. 2005; 51(4): 369–381. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03508.x
    Back to article
  44. 44Rich JV, Luhanga U, Fostaty Young S, et al. Operationalizing Programmatic Assessment: The CBME Programmatic Assessment Practice Guidelines. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2022; 97(5): 674–678. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004574
    Back to article
  45. 45Schut S, Maggio LA, Heeneman S, van Tartwijk J, van der Vleuten C, Driessen E. Where the rubber meets the road – An integrative review of programmatic assessment in health care professions education. Perspect Med Educ. 2021; 10(1): 6–13. DOI: 10.1007/S40037-020-00625-W
    Back to article
  46. 46Gray ME, Holyoak KJ. Teaching by Analogy: From Theory to Practice. Mind Brain Educ. 2021; 15(3): 250–263. DOI: 10.1111/mbe.12288
    Back to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pme.1521 | Journal eISSN: 2212-277X
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Submitted on: Aug 20, 2024
Accepted on: Nov 27, 2024
Published on: Dec 27, 2024
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2024 Lynnea M. Mills, Olle ten Cate, Christy Boscardin, Patricia S. O’Sullivan, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 13 (2024): Issue 1Next article