Table 1
Frequency and Chi-Square Information for U.S. Black Women and URiM Medical Students’ Mistreatment Experiences.
| BLACK WOMEN (N = 2,537) | URiMs (N = 7,863) | CHI-SQUARE (p-VALUE)* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publicly humiliated | Never | 68% | 74.6% | 29.63 (<.01) |
| Once | 17.7% | 15% | ||
| Occasionally | 12.7% | 9.6% | ||
| Frequently | 1.7% | 0.8% | ||
| Denied opportunities based on gender | Never | 93.8% | 92.9% | 1.07(.30) |
| Once | 2.8% | 3.3% | ||
| Occasionally | 3% | 3.3% | ||
| Frequently | 0.4% | 0.5% | ||
| Been objected to offensive sexist remarks/names | Never | 77% | 83.7% | 28.59(<.01) |
| Once | 10.8% | 7.6% | ||
| Occasionally | 11.1% | 7.7% | ||
| Frequently | 1.1% | 1.0% | ||
| Received lower evaluations based on gender | Never | 89.7% | 92.5% | 23.87(<.01) |
| Once | 5.5% | 4.7% | ||
| Occasionally | 4.3% | 2.3% | ||
| Frequently | 0.5% | 0.5% | ||
| Denied opportunities based on race/ethnicity | Never | 85.6% | 94.7% | 165.02(<.01) |
| Once | 5.5% | 2.4% | ||
| Occasionally | 7.2% | 2.3% | ||
| Frequently | 1.7% | 0.7% | ||
| Been objected to racially/ethnically offensive remarks/names | Never | 70.3% | 86.3% | 235.15(<.01) |
| Once | 12.9% | 7.0% | ||
| Occasionally | 15% | 6.0% | ||
| Frequently | 1.7% | 0.6% | ||
| Received lower evaluations based on race/ethnicity | Never | 80.9% | 94.8% | 337.07(<.01) |
| Once | 8.1% | 2.9% | ||
| Occasionally | 8.5% | 1.8% | ||
| Frequently | 2.5% | 0.5% |
[i] * For chi-squared tests, response options were dichotomized to where Never and Once were combined to represent ‘Infrequently’ and Occasionally and Frequently were combined to represent ‘Frequently’.
Table 2
Percentages of U.S. Black Women and URiM Medical Students Who Selected Reporting Behaviors.
| BLACK WOMEN (N = 322) | URiMs (N = 812) | |
|---|---|---|
| *Reported behaviors to faculty member or med school admin to handle complaint* | 27.3% | 24.1% |
| **Why didn’t you report: | ||
| Reported all incidents | 8.7% | 7.6% |
| Incident did not seem important enough | 37.6% | 51.0% |
| Resolved issue themselves | 18.6% | 14.8% |
| Didn’t think anything would be done about it | 47.5% | 40.8% |
| Fear of reprisal | 29.8% | 31.4% |
| Didn’t know what to do | 14.9% | 11.5% |
| Other | 3.4% | 7.1% |
| BLACK WOMEN (N = 2,840) | URiMs(N = 8,503) | |
| Witness other students subject to behaviors | 6.0% | 5.2% |
| Report witnessed incidents to faculty member or med school admin empowered to handle such complaint | 4.5% | 3.7% |
[i] * Item was only given to respondents who indicated experiencing mistreatment behaviors from Table 1 ‘Once’, ‘Occasionally’, or “Frequently’.
** Percentages only reflect respondents who indicated a reporting behavior from row above and selected one of these options with ‘Check all that apply’ response option. Percentages will not add up to 100%.
Table 3
Mann-Whitney U Results for U.S. Black Women Medical Students’ Mistreatment Compared to Other URiMs.
| BLACK WOMEN | URiMs | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| MEAN RANK (N) | MEAN RANK (N) | z-VALUE | |
| Publicly humiliated | 5477.75 (2,537) | 5111.04 (7,863) | –6.87* |
| Denied opportunities based on gender | 5162.05 (2,533) | 5206.94 (7,863) | –1.49 |
| Been objected to offensive sexist remarks/names | 5459.17 (2,530) | 5108.61 (7,857) | –7.66* |
| Received lower evaluations based on gender | 5303.48 (2,525) | 5155.28 (7,857) | –4.53* |
| Denied opportunities based on race/ethnicity | 5551.28 (2,521) | 5076.79 (7,862) | –15.14* |
| Been objected to racially/ethnically offensive remarks/names | 5936.59 (2,527) | 4989.47 (7,863) | –18.64* |
| Received lower evaluations based on race/ethnicity | 5738.41 (2,517) | 5012.38 (7,859) | –21.81* |
[i] * < .01.
Table 4
Spearman Rank Correlations for Quality Satisfaction, Revisiting Career Choice, Medical School Diversity, and Mistreatment for U.S. Black Women Medical Students.
| VARIABLE | 1(N) | 2(N) | 3(N) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Medical school satisfaction | – | ||
| 2 | Revisit career choice | .25* (2491) | – | |
| 3 | Skill enhancement due to diversity | .24* (2594) | .12* (2552) | – |
| 4 | Experienced mistreatment | –.13* (2763) | –.08* (2559) | –.12* (2670) |
[i] * <.01.