Table 1
Means, Standard Deviations, Skewness, Kurtosis and Internal Reliabilities for all Variables by Country.
| Belgium (n = 335) | Switzerland (n = 279) | Togo (n = 354) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | S | K | α | M | SD | S | K | α | M | SD | S | K | α | |
| ZKA-PQ/SF | |||||||||||||||
| Aggressiveness | 34.08 | 6.82 | 0.50 | 0.08 | .84 | 34.13 | 7.98 | 0.37 | –0.17 | .88 | 33.30 | 7.49 | 0.37 | –0.17 | .81 |
| Activity | 40.71 | 6.65 | 0.09 | 0.22 | .83 | 40.72 | 6.30 | –0.15 | –0.18 | .80 | 45.03 | 5.64 | –0.15 | –0.18 | .72 |
| Extraversion | 47.18 | 5.98 | –0.12 | –0.14 | .81 | 48.07 | 5.97 | –0.01 | –0.14 | .80 | 47.37 | 5.91 | –0.10 | –0.14 | .73 |
| Neuroticism | 35.76 | 7.48 | 0.17 | –0.10 | .87 | 35.35 | 8.15 | 0.12 | –0.08 | .89 | 36.27 | 7.67 | 0.12 | –0.08 | .83 |
| Sensation seeking | 40.26 | 6.87 | –0.03 | –0.28 | .79 | 40.53 | 6.84 | 0.20 | 0.46 | .77 | 41.58 | 5.21 | 0.20 | 0.46 | .58 |
| SD3 | |||||||||||||||
| Machiavellianism | 26.24 | 4.86 | 0.18 | –0.01 | .72 | 24.64 | 5.30 | –0.18 | 0.02 | .73 | 39.22 | 4.91 | –0.18 | 0.02 | .63 |
| Narcissism | 23.53 | 4.09 | –0.28 | 0.30 | .59 | 24.02 | 4.71 | –0.12 | 0.44 | .64 | 28.46 | 4.31 | –0.12 | 0.44 | 57 |
| Psychopathy | 18.64 | 4.91 | 0.55 | 0.69 | .71 | 18.18 | 4.92 | 0.26 | 0.21 | .67 | 19.57 | 4.42 | 0.26 | 0.21 | .51 |
| Proactive Attitude | 3.27 | 0.46 | –0.48 | –0.19 | .81 | 3.36 | 0.43 | –0.80 | 0.35 | .77 | 3.52 | 0.39 | –0.80 | 0.35 | .68 |
| Perceived Employability | 3.44 | 0.64 | –0.49 | 0.67 | .81 | 3.62 | 0.64 | –0.33 | –0.08 | .80 | 3.93 | 0.56 | –0.33 | –0.08 | .71 |
Table 2
Intercorrelations among all variables for Belgium, Switzerland, Togo, and the Total Sample.
| Scale | Belgium and Togo | Switzerland and Total sample | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AG | AC | EX | NE | SS | MA | NA | PS | PA | PE | AG | AC | EX | NE | SS | MA | NA | PS | PA | PE | |
| Aggressiveness (AG) | .09 | .01 | .17 | .21 | .28 | .20 | .47 | <.01 | .06 | .04 | –.06 | .31 | .17 | .38 | .16 | .50 | –.14 | –.22 | ||
| Activity (AC) | .02 | .20 | –.07 | .18 | –.08 | .13 | –.02 | .33 | .27 | .03 | .06 | –.07 | .04 | .10 | .24 | –.03 | .20 | .29 | ||
| Extraversion (EX) | –.16 | .27 | –.30 | .28 | –.03 | .28 | .03 | .33 | .19 | –.07 | .17 | –.28 | .22 | –.11 | .27 | –.14 | .35 | .21 | ||
| Neuroticism (NE) | .51 | –.02 | –.38 | –.06 | .17 | –.20 | .01 | –.23 | –.23 | .34 | –.04 | –.32 | –.10 | .11 | –.32 | .10 | –.29 | –.31 | ||
| Sensation seeking (SS) | .20 | .31 | .14 | .21 | .14 | .37 | .33 | .29 | .32 | .19 | .19 | .22 | .01 | .18 | .38 | .36 | .09 | .16 | ||
| Machiavellianism (MA) | .22 | .12 | –.07 | .26 | .27 | .29 | .48 | –.06 | .06 | .25 | .14 | –.08 | .19 | .21 | .35 | .50 | –.08 | –.02 | ||
| Narcissism (NA) | .12 | .29 | .22 | –.01 | .23 | .27 | .35 | .26 | .31 | .11 | .33 | .22 | –.13 | .33 | .40 | .40 | .27 | .24 | ||
| Psychopathy (PS) | .43 | .08 | –.08 | .25 | .26 | .35 | .18 | –.20 | .15 | .45 | .04 | –.06 | .12 | .32 | .45 | .32 | –.08 | –.12 | ||
| Proactive Attitude (PA) | –.16 | .19 | .10 | –.21 | .08 | .06 | .23 | –.04 | .46 | –.12 | .30 | .25 | –.23 | .18 | .04 | .32 | –.02 | .51 | ||
| Self-Perceived Empl. (PE) | –.10 | .26 | .17 | –.15 | .13 | .07 | .33 | .02 | .50 | –.10 | .34 | .18 | –.20 | .23 | .12 | .39 | .06 | .52 | ||
[i] Note: Empl. = Employability; AG, AC, EX, NE, and SS are dimensions of the ZKA-PQ/SF; MA, NA, and PS are those of the SD3. Correlations on the left side are above the diagonal for Belgium and below the diagonal for Togo. Correlations on the right side are above the diagonal for Switzerland and below the diagonal for the total sample; nonsignificant correlations are in bold; p < .05 for r < .14 and p < .01 for r ≥ .14.
Table 3
Measurement Invariance across the Three Countries for Personality Dimensions, Employability and Proactive Attitude Scales.
| Dimensions/scales | χ2 | dƒ | χ2/dƒ | p | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | Δχ2 | Δdƒ | p | ΔCFI | ΔTLI | ΔRMSEA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZKA-PQ/SF (MI ≥ 40) | |||||||||||||
| Configural Invariance | 1239.50 | 459 | 2.70 | <.001 | .862 | .829 | .042 | ||||||
| Metric Invariance | 1349.14 | 499 | 2.70 | <.001 | .850 | .828 | .042 | 109.64 | 40 | <.001 | .012 | .001 | <.001 |
| Invariance | 1491.29 | 529 | 2.82 | <.001 | .830 | .817 | .043 | 142.15 | 30 | <.001 | .020 | .011 | .001 |
| SD3 (MI ≥ 30) | |||||||||||||
| Configural Invariance | 166.46 | 69 | 2.41 | <.001 | .939 | .904 | .038 | ||||||
| Metric Invariance | 189.93 | 81 | 2.35 | <.001 | .931 | .908 | .037 | 23.46 | 12 | .024 | .008 | .004 | .001 |
| Scalar Invariance | 210.85 | 93 | 2.27 | <.001 | .926 | .914 | .036 | 20.92 | 12 | .052 | .005 | .006 | .001 |
| PAS (MI ≥ 20) | |||||||||||||
| Configural Invariance | 114.33 | 54 | 2.12 | <.001 | .958 | .934 | .034 | ||||||
| Metric Invariance | 144.60 | 68 | 2.13 | <.001 | .946 | .933 | .034 | 30.27 | 14 | <.001 | .012 | .001 | <.001 |
| Scalar Invariance | 164.88 | 70 | 2.35 | <.001 | .933 | .920 | .037 | 20.28 | 2 | <.001 | .013 | .013 | .003 |
| PES (MI ≥ 20) | |||||||||||||
| Configural Invariance | 217.02 | 84 | 2.58 | <.001 | .947 | .915 | .041 | ||||||
| Metric Invariance | 235.33 | 102 | 2.31 | <.001 | .947 | .930 | .037 | 18.30 | 18 | .435 | <.001 | .015 | .004 |
| Scalar Invariance | 242.42 | 104 | 2.33 | <.001 | .945 | .928 | .037 | 7.10 | 2 | .029 | .002 | .002 | <.001 |
[i] Note: MI = Modification indices.
Figure 1
The mediation models showing direct and indirect relations between personality dimensions and perceived employability through proactive attitude for the Belgian, Swiss and Togolese samples, respectively; age and sex were controlled; the percentage of variance explained are in bold; covariation among personality dimensions are not reported (* p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001).
Table 4
Standardized estimates of the paths from the ZKA-PQ and the SD3 dimensions to perceived employability through proactive attitude.
| Belgium (n = 335) | Switzerland (n = 279) | Togo (n = 354) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STE | SIE | SDE | Result | STE | SIE | SDE | Result | STE | SIE | SDE | Result | |
| ZKA-PQ | ||||||||||||
| Aggressiveness | –.02 | –.03 | .01 | No med | –.19** | –.03 | –.16** | No med | –.07 | –.04 | –.03 | No med |
| Activity | .26*** | .09*** | .17** | Part med | .28** | .08** | .20** | Part med | .25** | .07** | .18** | Part med |
| Neuroticism | –.19** | –.06*** | –.13* | Part med | –.21** | –.10*** | –.11 | Full med | –.22*** | –.08** | –.14** | Part med |
| Sensation seeking | .17** | .08** | .09 | Full med | .14* | .03 | .11 | No med | .10 | .04 | .06 | No med |
| SD3 | ||||||||||||
| Narcissism | .28** | .12*** | .16*** | Part med | .33** | .16*** | .17** | Part med | .32** | .11*** | .20*** | Part med |
| Psychopathy | –.01 | –.05 | .04 | No med | –.27** | –.10** | –.17** | Part med | –.06 | –.04 | –.02 | No med |
[i] Note: STE = Standardized total effect; SIE = Standardized indirect effect; SDE: Standardized direct effect; Full med = Full mediation; Part med = Partial mediation; No med = No mediation; * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.