Table 1
Descriptive, inferential, and Bayesian statistics, as well as mean comparisons for age, receptive vocabulary knowledge (for a French-receptive vocabulary), and non-verbal intelligence.
| Immersed | Monolinguals | Inferential statistics | Bayesian statistics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 59 Mean (SD) | N = 57 Mean (SD) | T-Value | p | BF10 | BF10 (error %) | BF01 | BF01 (error %) | |
| Age (months) | 79.47 (3.67) | 80.07 (3.42) | –0.90 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.004 | 3.51 | 0.004 |
| French-receptive vocabulary (max = 170) | 83.10 (12.51) | 84.87 (16.39) | –0.65 | 0.51 | 0.24 | 0.001 | 4.17 | 0.001 |
| Non-verbal intelligence (max = 36) | 22.33 (4.40) | 22.31 (4.48) | 0.02 | 0.97 | 0.19 | 0.001 | 5.06 | 0.001 |
Table 2
Contingency table for video game, sport and music practice.
| Video game practice X2 (4) = 0.88, p = 0.92 | Sport practice X2 (4) = 3.80, p = 0.43 | Music practice X2 (3) = 1.64, p = 0.65 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| I | 12 | 10 | 20 | 14 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 25 | 16 | 48 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 0 |
| N | 14 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 7 | 28 | 14 | 49 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0 |
[i] Legend: I = immersed; M = monolinguals; 0 = no practice; 1 = very little or little practice; 2 = mean practice; 3 = frequent practice; 4 = very frequent practice.
Table 3
Contingency table for SES status.
| SES
status X2 (3) = 3.13, p = 0.37 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| I | 0 | 20 | 23 | 16 |
| N | 1 | 26 | 16 | 14 |
[i] Legend: I = immersed; M = monolinguals; 0 = low (no professional qualifications at all); 1 = medium (elementary school qualifications of up to 12 years of years of study); 2 = high (high qualifications of up to 15 years of study; 3 = very high (superior qualifications of at least 17 years of study).
Table 4
Descriptive statistics for the immersion group for English vocabulary knowledge.
| Mean (SD) | Range | |
|---|---|---|
| Productive English vocabulary knowledge (Max = 135) | 40.69 (21.90) | 11–103 |
| Receptive English vocabulary knowledge (Max = 135) | 92.30 (22.50) | 42–130 |
Table 5
Descriptive, inferential, and Bayesian statistics for measures of alerting, selective auditory attention, divided attention, and cognitive flexibility.
| Immersed N = 59 Mean (SD) | Monolinguals N = 57 Mean (SD) | Inferential statistics | Bayesian statistics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-Value | p | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | BF10 | BF10 (error %) | BF01 | BF01 (error %) | |||
| Alerting (RT) | 375.62 (91.06) | 378.17 (67.05) | –0.17 | 0.86 | 0.00 | 0.22 | ~0.021 | 4.42 | ~0.021 |
| Auditory attention (RT) | 817.20 (141.93) | 875.36 (152.49) | –2.12 | 0.03* | 0.03 | 2.90 | ~0.003 | 0.34 | ~0.003 |
| Divided attention (RT) | 774.89 (90.24) | 782.66 (110.82) | –0.41 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.27 | ~3.474e -5 | 3.59 | ~3.474e -5 |
| Cognitive flexibility (RT) | 1366.62 (331.58) | 1277.52 (299.57) | 1.51 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.08 | ~0.003 | 1.85 | ~0.003 |
[i] df = 114.
RT = Reaction times.
BF10 = Bayes factor for the alternative hypothesis vs. the null hypothesis.
BF01 = Bayes factor for the null hypothesis vs. the alternative hypothesis.
Table 6
Descriptive, inferential, and Bayesian statistics for subtraction and addition operations.
| Immersed N = 59 Mean (SD) | Monolinguals N = 57 Mean (SD) | Inferential statistics | Bayesian statistics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-Value | p | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | BF10 | BF10 (error %) | BF01 | BF01 (error %) | |||
| Arithmetic skills-Addition (CR) | 7.84 (2.37) | 8.80 (2.94) | –1.93 | 0.055 | 0.03 | 1.05 | ~4.589e -6 | 0.95 | ~4.589e -6 |
| Arithmetic skills-Subtraction (CR) | 6.50 (2.91) | 6.75 (2.86) | –0.45 | 0.64 | 0.00 | 0.21 | ~2.474e -5 | 4.60 | ~2.474e -5 |
[i] df = 114.
CR = correct responses.
BF10 = Bayes factor for the alternative hypothesis vs. the null hypothesis.
BF01 = Bayes factor for the null hypothesis vs. the alternative hypothesis.