Norm and Deviance-Seeking Personal Orientation Scale (NDPOS) Adapted to the Organisational Context

Guillaume Roland Michel Déprez; Adalgisa Battistelli; Mirko Antino

doi:10.5334/pb.462

Abstract

Deviance theory introduces a behavioural view on constructive and destructive deviance to explain how an individual’s intent can harm or improve organisational well-being. However, to our knowledge, no scale exists that evaluates the personal orientation aspect of deviance and normativity. This article discusses the creation of the Norm and Deviance-Seeking Personal Orientation Scale (NDPOS). To create this scale, we studied the psychometric properties of the instrument using data from French workers. NDPOS exploratory analysis indicated a 12-item scale composed of four factors: normative conformity, normative rule adequacy, deviant performance seeking, and deviant proactivity seeking. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the factorial structure in four sub-scales. Convergent and discriminant validity indicated that deviant dimensions were positively related to expressing voice, cognitive flexibility, and deviant behaviours, whereas normativity dimensions were negatively or not related to these behaviours. Furthermore, opposite relations between the conformity construct and the four factors were observed. Practical implications and suggestions for the development of future research on constructive deviance theory are discussed.

References

Acharya, P., & Taylor, R. (2012). Innovative deviance: an investigation of the relationships between social control, creativity and innovation in organizations. Academy of Business Research Journal, 1, 49–58.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Anderson, N., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. (2004). The routinization of innovation research: a constructively critical review of the state-of-the-science. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 147–173. DOI: 10.1002/job.236
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Asch, S. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: a minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(9), 1–70. DOI: 10.1037/h0093718
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Axelrod, R. (1986). An evolutionary approach to norms. American Political Science Review, 80, 1095–1111. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055400185016
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bacon, A. M., Lenton-Maughan, L., & May, J. (2018). Trait emotional intelligence and social deviance in males and females. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 79–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.015
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Battistelli, A. (2015). La recherche psychosociale sur le processus d’innovation individuelle et d’équipe: un bilan des connaissances. Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations, 20(4), 336–352. DOI: 10.1016/S1420-2530(16)30021-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349–360. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.349
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bettenhausen, K. L., & Murnighan, J. K. (1991). The development of an intragroup norm and the effects of interpersonal and structural challenges. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 20–35. DOI: 10.2307/2393428
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Binard, C., & Pohl, S. (2014). L’auto efficacité créative, la flexibilité cognitive et le soutien à l’innovation comme antécédents du comportement innovant. Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations, 19, 420–435 DOI: 10.1016/S1420-2530(16)30052-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brief, A. P., Buttram, R. T., & Dukerich, J. M. (2001). Collective corruption in the corporate world: Toward a process model. In M. E. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Theory and research, 471–499. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of applied psychology, 78(1), 98. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Creed, P. A., Hood, M., & Hu, S. (2017). Personal orientation as an antecedent to career stress and employability confidence: the intervening roles of career goal-performances discrepancy and career goal importance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 79–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2016.12.007
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E., Daniels, S. R., & Hall, A. V. (2017). Social exchange theory: a critical review with theoretical remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), 479–516. DOI: 10.5465/annals.2015.0099
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Crutchfield, R. S. (1955). Conformity and character. American Psychologist, 10, 143–158. DOI: 10.1037/h0040237
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dahling, J. J., Chau, S. L., Mayer, D. M., & Gregory, J. B. (2012). Breaking rules for the right reasons? An investigation of pro-social rule breaking. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 21–42. DOI: 10.1002/job.730
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dahling, J. J., & Gutworth, M. B. (2017). Loyal rebels? A test of the normative conflict model of constructive deviance. Journal of Organisational Behavior. Advanced online publication. DOI: 10.1002/job.2194
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Déprez, G. (2017). Relationship between constructive deviance, proactive behaviors and innovation: analysis of the constructs and their consequences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. The journal of abnormal and social psychology, 51(3), 629. DOI: 10.1037/h0046408
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DeVellis, R. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DeVellis, R. (2003). Scale development: theory and applications. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Donaldson, T., & Dunfee, T. (1994). Toward a unified conception of business ethics: Integrative social contracts theory. Academy of Management Review, 19, 252–284. DOI: 10.5465/amr.1994.9410210749
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Donaldson, T., & Dunfee, T. (1999). The ties that bind. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Edgerton, R. 1985. Rules, exceptions and social order. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Edwards, M. C., & Wirth, R. J. (2009). Measurement and the study of change. Research in Human Development, 6(2–3), 74–96. DOI: 10.1080/15427600902911163
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Field, A., Miles, J., & Field, Z. (2012). Discovering statistics using R. Sage publications.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Galperin, B. L. (2002). Determinants of deviance in the workplace: an empirical examination of Canada and Mexico. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Galperin, B. L. (2012). Exploring the nomological network of workplace deviance: developing and validating a measure of constructive deviance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(12), 2988–3025. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00971.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Glass, B. D., Maddox, W. T., & Love, B. C. (2013). Real-time strategy game training: emergence of a cognitive flexibility trait. PLoS ONE, 8(8): e70350. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070350
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hackman, J. R. (1992). Group influences on individuals in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 199–268). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis, 7.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hauser, O. P., Linos, E., & Rogers, T. (2017). Innovation with field experiments: studying organizational behaviors in actual organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 37, 185–198. DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2017.10.004
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 1–46). New York: Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60381-0
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hinkin, T. R. (1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21, 967–988. DOI: 10.1177/014920639502100509
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jetten, J., & Hornsey, M. J. (2014). Deviance and dissent in groups. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 461–485. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115151
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Judge, T. A., Scott, B. A., & Ilies, R. (2006). Hostility, job attitudes, and workplace deviance: Test of a multi-level model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 126–138. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.126
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (Fourth edition). New York: the Guilford press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lee, E. S., Park, T. Y., & Koo, B. (2015). Identifying organizational identification as a basis for attitudes and behaviors: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 14(5), 1049–1080. DOI: 10.1037/bul0000012
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levine, J. M., & Zdaniuk, B. (1984). Conformité et obéissance. In S. Moscovici (Dir.), Psychologie Sociale (pp. 25–47). Paris: PUF.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Little, T. D., Lindenberger, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1999). On selecting indicators for multivariate measurement and modeling with latent variables: When “good” indicators are bad and “bad” indicators are good. Psychological Methods, 4, 192–211. DOI: 10.1037/1082-989X.4.2.192
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liyanarachchi, G., & Newdick, C. (2009). The impact o moral reasoning and retaliation on whistle-blowing: New Zealand evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 89, 37–57. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-008-9983-x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
MacNab, B. R., & Worthley, R. (2008). Self-efficacy as an intrapersonal predictor for internal whistleblowing: A US and Canada examination. Journal of Business Ethics, 79, 407–421. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-007-9407-3
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Martin, M. M., & Anderson, M. C. (1998). The cognitive flexibility scale: three validity studies. Communication Reports, 11(1), 1–9. DOI: 10.1080/08934219809367680
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Martin, M. M., & Ruben, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623–626. DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Maynes, T. D., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2014). Speaking more broadly: an examination of the nature, antecedents, and consequences of an expanded set of employee voice behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1), 87–112. DOI: 10.1037/a0034284
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (2006). General Health Status and Quality of Life. In: Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires, 2nd ed. (pp. 446–456). New York: Oxford University Press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mertens, W., Recker, J., Kummer, T. F., Kohlborn, T., & Viaene, S. (2016). Constructive deviance as a driver for performance in retail. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Service, 30, 193–203. DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.01.021
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Miron-Spektor, E., Erez, M., & Naveh, E. (2011). The effect of conformist and attentive-to-detail members on team innovation: Reconciling the innovation paradox. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 740–760. DOI: 10.5465/amj.2011.64870100
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morrison, E. W. (2006). Doing the job well: An investigation of prosocial rule breaking. Journal of Management, 32, 5–28. DOI: 10.1177/0149206305277790
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morrison, E. W., & Phelps, C. C. (1999). Taking charge at work: extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management, 42(4), 403–419. DOI: 10.5465/257011
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Moscovici, S. (1979). Psychologie des minorités actives. Paris: PUF.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Moscovici, S. (1984). Psychologie sociale. Paris: PUF.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Moscovici, S., & Mugny, G. (1987). Psychologie de la conversion, Etude sur l’influence inconsciente. Fribourg: Delval.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2017). Mplus, user’s guide. eight edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Near, J. P., & Miceli, M. P. (1985). Organizational dissidence: The case of whistle-blowing. Journal of Business Ethics, 4, 1–16. DOI: 10.1007/BF00382668
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Niesen, W., Van Hootegem, A., Vander Elst, T., Battistelli, A., & De Witte, H. (2018). Job Insecurity and Innovative Work Behaviour: A Psychological Contract Perspective. Psychologica Belgica, 57(4), 174–189. DOI: 10.5334/pb.381
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
O’Neil, T. A., & Hastings, S. E. (2011). Explaining Workplace deviance behavior with more than just the “Big Five”. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 268–273. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaren, C., & Schmidt, F. L. (1993). Comprehensive meta-analysis of integrity test validities: Findings and implications for personnel selection and theories of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 679–703. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.679
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3), 633–662. DOI: 10.1177/0149206308321554
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2003). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peterson, R. A. (1994). A meta-analysis of Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(2), 381–391. DOI: 10.1086/209405
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1994). Organizational citizenship behaviours and sales unit effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research, 3(1), 351–363. DOI: 10.2307/3152222
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Potočnik, K., & Anderson, N. (2016). A constructively critical review of change and innovation-related concepts: towards conceptual and operational clarity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(4), 481–494. DOI: 10.1080/1359432X.2016.1176022
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reysen, S., & Branscombe, N. R. (2008). Belief in collective emotions as conforming to the group. Social Influence, 3(3), 171–188. DOI: 10.1080/15534510802247438
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviours: A multi-dimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 555–572. DOI: 10.5465/256693
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Robinson, S. L., & O’Leary-Kelly, A. M. (1998). Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 658–672. DOI: 10.5465/256963
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sherif, M. (1936). The psychology of social norms. New York: Harper.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shin, J., Taylor, M. S., & Seo, M. G. (2012). Resources for change: the relationships of organizational inducements and psychological resilience to employees’ attitudes and behaviors toward organizational change. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 727–748. DOI: 10.5465/amj.2010.0325
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. (2006). The dimensionality of counterproductivity: are all counterproductive behaviours created equal? Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 68, 446–460. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.005
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Spreitzer, G. M., & Sonenshein, S. (2003). Positive deviance and extraordinary organizing. In K. Cameron, J. Dutton, & R. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 207–224). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Spreitzer, G. M., & Sonenshein, S. (2004). Toward the construct definition of positive deviance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 828–847. DOI: 10.1177/0002764203260212
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6^th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. DOI: 10.1037/10694-000
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thurston, B. J., & Runco, M. A. (1997). Flexibility. In M. A. Runco, & S. R. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity, 6 A – H (547–516). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vadera, A. K., Pratt, M. G., & Mishra, P. (2013). Constructive deviance in organizations: integrating and moving forward. Journal of Management, 39(5), 1221–1276. DOI: 10.1177/0149206313475816
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., & Hox, J. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(4), 486–492. DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2012.686740
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108–119. DOI: 10.2307/256902
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vandenberg, R., & Lance, C. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4–45. DOI: 10.1177/109442810031002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Warren, D. E. (2003). Constructive and destructive deviance in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 28, 622–632. DOI: 10.5465/amr.2003.10899440
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Webster, J. R., Adams, G. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2014). Core work evaluation: the viability of a higher-order work attitude construct. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85, 27–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2014.03.008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wheaton, B. (1983). Stress, personal coping resources, and psychiatric symptoms: An Investigation of interactive models. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 208–229. DOI: 10.2307/2136572
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Norm and Deviance-Seeking Personal Orientation Scale (NDPOS) Adapted to the Organisational Context

Abstract

Paradigm

My account