Table 1
Fit Indices for the CFA Models.
| Model | CFI | RMSEA | 90% CI | BIC | ABIC | AIC | χ2/df |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Four-factor | 0.83 | 0.05 | 0.04–0.05 | 153240.24 | 152916.25 | 152720.96 | 3.70 |
| 2. Six-factor | 0.74 | 0.05 | 0.04–0.05 | 227757.83 | 227246.43 | 226938.20 | 3.49 |
[i] Note. CFI = Comparative Fit Index, RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, CI = Confidence Interval, BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, AIC = Adjusted Information Criterion.
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics and Cronbach’s Alphas for Each of the Four Factors.
| Items | Min | Max | M | SD | MItem | α | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEEQ | |||||||
| Cognitive Impairment and Negative Effects | 12 | 12.00 | 57.00 | 38.28 | 7.00 | 3.19 | 0.83 |
| Relaxation and Social Facilitation | 8 | 8.00 | 40.00 | 26.92 | 5.39 | 3.36 | 0.81 |
| Perceptual Enhancement and Craving | 6 | 6.00 | 30.00 | 18.32 | 3.59 | 3.05 | 0.63 |
| Negative Behavioral Effects | 5 | 5.00 | 25.00 | 15.26 | 3.40 | 3.05 | 0.60 |
[i] Note. Min = Minimum, Max = Maximum, M = Mean of the factor, SD = Standard Deviation, Mitem = Mean of the factor/the number of items, α = Cronbach’s alpha.
Table 3
Zero-Order and Spearman Correlations among MEEQ Factors and Cannabis Use Variables.
| Whole sample (n = 1343) | Users (n = 325) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | |
| 1. Lifetime cannabis | 1.00 | |||||
| 2. Cogn. Impairment | –0.30** | 1.00 | ||||
| 3. Relaxation | 0.16** | 0.34** | 1.00 | |||
| 4. Percept. enhance. | 0.11** | 0.30** | 0.63** | 1.00 | ||
| 5. Negative behavior | –0.50** | 0.62** | 0.16** | 0.16** | 1.00 | |
| 6. Frequency of use | 0.09 | 0.33** | 0.32** | –0.22** | 1.00 | |
[i] Note. Cannabis use (no = 0, yes = 1); Users = subjects who had used cannabis; Cogn. impairment = cognitive impairment and negative effects expectancies; Relaxation = relaxation and social facilitation expectancies; Percept. enhance. = perceptual enhancement and craving expectancies; Negative behavior = negative behavioral effects expectancies.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001
Table 4
Percentage of cannabis use at T1 and T2.
| n (%) | T1 | T2 |
|---|---|---|
| Non-users | 693 (79.02%) | 580 (66.13%) |
| Users at baseline/Users | 184 (20.98%) | 297 (33.87%) |
| New users between T1 and T2 | 113 (12.89%) | |
Table 5
Predictive Validity Results of the Multinomial Logistic Regressions Analyses of Profiles of Cannabis Users.
| b | SE b | Wald | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Users at baseline vs. Non-users | ||||
| Constant | –3.17** | 0.97 | 10.74 | |
| Cognitive Impairment Expectancies | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.30 | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) |
| Relaxation Expectancies | 0.07* | 0.03 | 5.80 | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) |
| Perceptual Enhancement Expectancies | 0.11* | 0.04 | 6.43 | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) |
| Negative Behavior Expectancies | –0.22** | 0.05 | 19.99 | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) |
| New users vs. Non-users | ||||
| Constant | 1.85* | 0.70 | 7.02 | |
| Cognitive Impairment Expectancies | –0.05* | 0.02 | 6.06 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) |
| Relaxation Expectancies | 0.13** | 0.03 | 20.43 | 1.13 (1.07–1.20) |
| Perceptual Enhancement Expectancies | 0.17** | 0.04 | 17.30 | 1.18 (1.09–1.28) |
| Negative Behavior Expectancies | –0.50** | 0.05 | 111.11 | 0.60 (0.55–0.66) |
[i] Note. Non-users was the reference category. OR = Odds Ratio.
*p<0.05, **p<0.001.
Table 6
Predictive Validity – Results of the Multiple Regression Analyses of Usual Frequency of Cannabis Use.
| b | SE b | ß | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MEEQ | |||
| Constant | 2.68 (1.53, 3.80) | 0.59 | |
| Cognitive Impairment and Negative Effects | –0.01 (–0.33, 0.20) | 0.14 | –0.04 |
| Relaxation and Social Facilitation | 0.01 (–0.22, 0.40) | 0.18 | 0.04 |
| Perceptual Enhancement and Craving | 0.05 (–0.01, 0.12)* | 0.28 | 0.15 |
| Negative Behavioral Effects | –0.11 (–0.16, –0.05)** | 0.26 | –0.28 |
[i] Note. Multiple regression with 95% bias corrected and accelerated confidence intervals reported in parentheses. Confidence intervals and standard errors based on 1000 bootstrap samples.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pas du tout d’accord | Plutôt pas d’accord | Ne sais pas | Plutôt d’accord | Tout à fait d’accord |
| 1. | Le cannabis rend les petites choses intensément intéressantes. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 2. | Fumer du cannabis me donne faim. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 3. | Fumer du cannabis augmente mon désir immédiat des choses. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 4. | Je trouve une sensation de relaxation en fumant du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 5. | Fumer du cannabis me rend moins tendu(e) ou soulage mon anxiété, il m’aide à me décontracter. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 6. | Le cannabis me rend insouciant(e) et je me moque de mes problèmes. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 7. | Je ne suis pas préoccupé(e) par la manière dont les autres me jugent quand je suis sous cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 8. | Le cannabis me fait parler plus que d’habitude. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 9. | J’ai l’impression que je peux mieux me focaliser sur une chose particulière quand je fume du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 10. | Quand je fume du cannabis, je ne me sens pas angoissé. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 11. | Le cannabis me fait dire des choses que je ne pense pas. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 12. | Je suis plus sociable quand je fume du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 13. | Fumer du cannabis me donne l’impression que j’appartiens au groupe. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 14. | Si j’ai fumé du cannabis, il est plus dur pour moi de me concentrer et de comprendre ce qui est dit. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 15. | Le cannabis ralentit mes pensées et mes actions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 16. | Je deviens plus créatif(ve) ou imaginatif(ve) sous cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 17. | Si j’ai fumé du cannabis il est plus dur de me souvenir des choses. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 18. | Les choses semblent irréelles et je me sens déconnecté(e) de ce qui se passe autour de moi quand je fume du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 19. | Quand je fume du cannabis, cela m’aide à échapper à la réalité. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 20. | Le cannabis me fait rire pour un rien et rire beaucoup. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 21. | Quand je fume du cannabis j’ai l’impression d’avoir les pieds lourds et de manquer de coordination. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 22. | La musique a un son différent quand je fume du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 23. | Le cannabis a un mauvais goût et une mauvaise odeur. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 24. | J’ai un sentiment heureux et agréable quand je fume du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 25. | Le cannabis me fait perdre le contrôle et devenir négligent. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 26. | Le cannabis permet d’échapper plus facilement aux problèmes et aux responsabilités. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 27. | Je suis moins motivé(e) quand je fume du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 28. | Le cannabis me rend déprimé(e) et déçu(e) de moi-même. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 29. | Le cannabis provoque de l’euphorie (forte sensation de bien-être). | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 30. | Le cannabis peut faire passer mes sentiments de la joie à la tristesse. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 31. | J’agis de façon excitée quand je fume du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 32. | Le cannabis ne me rend pas plus romantique, ni plus attiré(e) par d’autres personnes. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 33. | Après avoir fumé du cannabis mes paupières deviennent lourdes et je deviens somnolent(e). | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 34. | Le cannabis peut me mettre en colère et me rend potentiellement violent(e). | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 35. | Une fois que je me suis défoncé(e) en fumant du cannabis, je n’ai pas le moral. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 36. | Le cannabis n’altère pas ma personnalité. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 37. | me sens attirant(e) ou plus intéressé(e) par le sexe après avoir fumé du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 38. | Le cannabis me rend critique et d’humeur irritable. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 39. | « J’ai les crocs » (envie de casser la croûte) quand je fume du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 40. | Il est difficile pour moi d’exprimer clairement mes pensées si j’ai fumé du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 41. | Le cannabis me donne l’impression d’avoir la bouche sèche. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 42. | Le cannabis me rend calme. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 43. | Le cannabis change ma perception du temps et des distances. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 44. | Je suis plus détendu(e) dans les situations sociales si j’ai fumé du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 45. | Je m’amuse mieux dans les soirées si je fume du cannabis | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 46. | Le cannabis ralentit mes réactions. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 47. | Je suis plus partant pour faire les choses que normalement je ne ferais pas quand je fume du cannabis. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 48. | Fumer du cannabis, c’est presque comme être saoul avec de l’alcool. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
[i] Note. The shaded items are excluded from the French validation with the four-factor structure (but are present in the complete English six-factor structure).
Table 1
Factor structure and internal consistency reliability.
| X2 (dl) | CFI | RMSEA | Factor loadings | α | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBI | 84.67 (35) | .95 | .03 | >.40 excepted items 36 and 46 | .79 |
| RTR | 136.08 (20) | .92 | .07 | >.40 excepted item 26 | .81 |
| SSF | 112.89 (27) | .77 | .05 | >.40 excepted items 8 and 12 | .56 |
| PCE | 119.42 (20) | .85 | .06 | >.40 excepted items 9, 22 and 37 | .67 |
| GNE | 187.30 (27) | .88 | .07 | >.40 excepted items 30, 35 and 48 | .80 |
| CPE | 70.87 (9) | .85 | .07 | >.40 excepted items 33 | .66 |
[i] Note. CBI = Cognitive and Behavioral Impairments (items 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 33, 36, 40, 43, 46), RTR = Relaxation and Tension Reduction (items 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 26, 42, 44), SSF = Social and Sexual Facilitation (items 8, 12, 13, 24, 27, 31, 32, 45, 47), PCE = Perceptual and Cognitive Enhancement (items 1, 9, 16, 19, 22, 26, 29, 37), GNE = Global Negative Effects (items 11, 23, 25, 28, 30, 34, 35, 38, 48), CPE = Craving and Physical Effects (items 2, 3, 20, 33, 39, 41).
Table 2
Criterion Validity.
| Whole sample (n = 1343) | Users (n = 325) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | |
| 1. Lifetime cannabis | 1.00 | |||||||
| 2. CBI | –0.13** | 1.00 | ||||||
| 3. RTR | 0.18** | 0.53** | 1.00 | |||||
| 4. SSF | –.01 | 0.54** | 0.64** | 1.00 | ||||
| 5. PCE | .01 | 0.60** | 0.77** | 0.70** | 1.00 | |||
| 6. GNE | –.49** | .62** | .24** | .42** | .43** | 1.00 | ||
| 7. CPE | .20** | .61** | .67** | .58** | .68** | .33** | 1.00 | |
| 8. Frequency of use | 0.11* | .28** | 0.07 | .32** | –.26** | .34** | 1.00 | |
[i] Note. CBI = Cognitive and Behavioral Impairments, RTR = Relaxation and Tension Reduction, SSF = Social and Sexual Facilitation, PCE = Perceptual and Cognitive Enhancement, GNE = Global Negative Effects, CPE = Craving and Physical Effects.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001.
Table 3
Predictive Validity Results of the Multinomial Logistic Regressions Analyses of Profiles of Cannabis Users.
| b | SE b | Wald | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Users at baseline vs. Non-users | ||||
| Constant | –3.65** | 0.91 | 16.17 | |
| CBI | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) |
| RTR | –0.001 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) |
| SSF | 0.07* | 0.03 | 5.27 | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) |
| PCE | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.64 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) |
| GNE | –0.12** | .03 | 18.53 | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) |
| CPE | 0.11* | 0.4 | 6.08 | 1.12 (1.02–1.22) |
| New users vs. Non-users | ||||
| Constant | –0.28 | 0.53 | 0.29 | |
| CBI | –0.04 | 0.03 | 1.86 | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) |
| RTR | 0.07* | 0.03 | 4.74 | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) |
| SSF | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.77 | 1.02 (.96–1.09) |
| PCE | –0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) |
| GNE | –0.34** | 0.03 | 139.81 | 0.71 (0.67–0.75) |
| CPE | 0.32** | 0.04 | 57.52 | 1.38 (1.27–1.50) |
[i] Note. Non-users was the reference category. OR = Odds Ratio. CBI = Cognitive and Behavioral Impairments, RTR = Relaxation and Tension Reduction, SSF = Social and Sexual Facilitation, PCE = Perceptual and Cognitive Enhancement, GNE = Global Negative Effects, CPE = Craving and Physical Effects.
*p< 0.05, **p< 0.001.
Table 4
Predictive Validity – Results of the Multiple Regression Analyses of Usual Frequency of Cannabis Use.
| b | SE b | ß | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MEEQ | |||
| Constant | 2.93 (1.94, 3.92)** | 0.50 | |
| CBI | 0.01 (–0.03, 0.03) | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| RTR | –0.04 (–0.08, –0.01)* | 0.02 | –0.18 |
| SSF | 0.01 (–0.02, 0.04) | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| PCE | 0.03 (–0.01, 0.07) | 0.02 | 0.11 |
| GNE | –0.08 (–0.11, –0.06)** | 0.01 | –0.43 |
| CPE | 0.07 (0.02, 0.11)* | 0.02 | 0.21 |
[i] Note. Multiple regression with 95% bias corrected and accelerated confidence intervals reported in parentheses. Confidence intervals and standard errors based on 1000 bootstrap samples. CBI = Cognitive and Behavioral Impairments, RTR = Relaxation and Tension Reduction, SSF = Social and Sexual Facilitation, PCE = Perceptual and Cognitive Enhancement, GNE = Global Negative Effects, CPE = Craving and Physical Effects.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001.