Figure 1
Flowchart of Participant enrolment.
Table 1
Demographic and Anthropometric Characteristics of Participants.
| VARIABLE | NS (n = 165) FEMALE 53.9% | SA (n = 175) FEMALE 46.9% | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 13.54 ± 0.87 | 13.61 ± 0.80 | .466 |
| Height (cm) | 159.41 ± 6.90 | 160.13 ± 13.80 | .550 |
| Weight (kg) | 51.12 ± 7.46 | 50.28 ± 7.40 | .301 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.06 ± 2.28 | 19.77 ± 2.22 | .236 |
| SES score | 1.96 ± 0.68 | 2.22 ± 0.60 | <.001 |
| FI | 2.76 ± 0.86 | 3.09 ± 0.73 | <.001 |
| AP | 2.80 ± 0.96 | 3.18 ± 0.91 | <.001 |
| SFC | 2.85 ± 0.95 | 3.22 ± 0.83 | <.001 |
| PE | 3.35 ± 0.75 | 3.52 ± 0.72 | .032 |
| SES Level | N (%) | ||
| Low (1.00) | 26 (15.8%) | 19 (10.9%) | 0.260 |
| Middle (2.00) | 99 (60.0%) | 103 (58.9%) | |
| High (3.00) | 40 (24.2%) | 53 (30.3%) | |
| Type of Extracurricular | NS (n and %) | SA (n and %) | |
| Youth Red Cross 44 (26.7) | Athletics 69 (39.4) | <.001 | |
| Language Clubs 28 (17.0) | Basketball 46 (26.3) | ||
| Traditional Music 15 (9.1) | Martial Art 30 (17.1) | ||
| Science 15 (9.1) | Volleyball 20 (11.4) | ||
| Choir 12 (7.3) | Badminton 6 (3.4) | ||
| Other 51 (30.9) | Other 4 (2.3) |
[i] Notes. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviations; Non-Sports; SA = Sport Activity; p = significance level (two-tailed) < .05.
Table 2
Group Comparison of Variables by After-School Program.
| VARIABLE | NS (n = 165) | SA (n = 175) | p | COHEN’S d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity | 1.87 (0.68) | 2.67 (0.83) | <.001 | 0.76 |
| Eating Habits | 13.05 (5.44) | 15.12 (5.24) | <.001 | 0.39 |
| Sleep Quality | 6.72 (4.16) | 4.19 (2.75) | <.001 | 0.72 |
| Problematic Internet Use | 20.07 (9.08) | 16.81 (8.02) | .001 | 0.38 |
| Cognitive Ability | 8.44 (2.50) | 10.49 (2.41) | <.001 | 0.83 |
[i] Notes: NS = Non Sport, SA = Sport Activity. Cohen’s d: 0.20 = small, 0.50 = medium, 0.80 = large. Significance level (two-tailed) < .05.
Table 3
Distribution of Behavioral and Cognitive Categories among Adolescents in Non-Sport and Sport After-School Programs.
| VARIABLE | LEVEL | NS (n = 165) | SA (n = 175) | TOTAL (n = 340) | χ2 | DF | p | phi/CRAMER’S V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity | Low (1–1.99) | 50 (30.3%) | 2 (1.1%) | 52 | 71.38 | 2 | <.001 | 0.458 |
| Moderate (2–2.99) | 87 (52.7%) | 90 (51.4%) | 177 | |||||
| High (3–5) | 28 (17.0%) | 83 (47.4%) | 111 | |||||
| Eating Habits | Low (0–11) | 72 (43.6%) | 44 (25.1%) | 116 | 13.98 | 2 | .001 | 0.203 |
| Moderate (12–17) | 52 (31.5%) | 64 (36.6%) | 116 | |||||
| Healthy (18–23) | 41 (24.8%) | 67 (38.3%) | 108 | |||||
| Sleep Quality | Good (0–4) | 77 (46.7%) | 134 (76.6%) | 211 | 41.06 | 2 | <.001 | 0.348 |
| Poor (5–10) | 50 (30.3%) | 35 (20.0%) | 85 | |||||
| Severe (>10) | 38 (23.0%) | 6 (3.4%) | 44 | |||||
| Problematic Internet Use | Low risk (0–20) | 95 (57.6%) | 116 (66.3%) | 211 | 6.19 | 2 | .045 | 0.135 |
| Moderate risk (21–39) | 66 (40.0%) | 59 (33.7%) | 125 | |||||
| High risk (>40) | 4 (2.4%) | 0 (0%) | 4 | |||||
| Cognitive Ability | Below Average (4–6) | 32 (19.4%) | 3 (1.7%) | 35 | 41.79 | 3 | <.001 | 0.351 |
| Average (7–10) | 94 (57.0%) | 89 (50.9%) | 183 | |||||
| Above Average (11–12) | 25 (15.2%) | 41 (23.4%) | 66 | |||||
| High Ability (13–15) | 14 (8.5%) | 42 (24.0%) | 56 |
[i] Notes: Data are presented as frequency (percentage). Group comparisons were conducted using chi-square tests. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. Percentages reflect valid cases within each extracurricular activity group. Non-Sports; SA = Sport Activity.
Figure 2
Correlation Network of Physical Activity, Eating Habits, Sleep Quality, Problematic Internet Use, and Cognitive Ability Among Non-Sport and Sport After-School Participants.
Note. The Figure 2 presents Pearson correlation networks separately for Non-Sport and Sport after-school program participants (side-by-side comparison). Abbreviations: Physical Activity (PA), Eating Habits (EH), Sleep Quality (SQ), Problematic Internet Use (PIU), Cognitive Ability (CA). Positive correlations are indicated by blue lines, and negative correlations are indicated by orange lines.
Table 4
Eating Habits, Sleep Quality, Problematic Internet Use, and Cognitive Ability Across Physical Activity Levels by Extracurricular Activity Participation.
| PA LEVEL | EATING HABITS | SLEEP QUALITY | PROBLEMATIC INTERNET USE | COGNITIVE ABILITY | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NS (n) | SA (n) | NS (n) | SA (n) | NS (n) | SA (n) | NS (n) | SA (n) | |
| 1 | 9.54 ± 4.04 (50) | 12.00 ± 7.07 (2) | 6.98 ± 1.71 (50) | 4.00 ± 4.24 (2) | 29.12 ± 7.33 (50) | 20.00 ± 9.90 (2) | 6.54 ± 1.01 (50) | 10.00 ± 4.24 (2) |
| 2 | 14.41 ± 5.26 (87) | 12.87 ± 5.19 (92) | 6.71 ± 2.28 (87) | 6.21 ± 1.35 (92) | 16.74 ± 6.96 (87) | 20.79 ± 6.88 (92) | 9.23 ± 2.58 (87) | 9.68 ± 2.27 (92) |
| 3 | 15.11 ± 5.34 (28) | 16.24 ± 4.31 (42) | 4.32 ± 1.89 (28) | 3.88 ± 1.84 (42) | 14.29 ± 5.16 (28) | 16.05 ± 6.65 (42) | 9.39 ± 2.27 (28) | 10.69 ± 2.15 (42) |
| 4 | — | 19.38 ± 2.67 (39) | — | 5.10 ± 1.93 (39) | — | 8.08 ± 3.55 (39) | — | 12.18 ± 2.05 (39) |
[i] Notes: Non-Sports; SA = Sport Activity; p = significance level (two-tailed) < .05. PA = Physical Activity.
Table 5
Multivariate General Linear Model Examining Associations of Extracurricular Activity, Gender, BMI, and Socioeconomic Factors with Adolescent Health Behaviors and Cognitive Ability.
| PREDICTOR/FACTOR | OUTCOME | F | df | p | PARTIAL η2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extracurricular Activity (SA vs NS) | Physical Activity | 20.565 | 1.324 | <.001 | .060 |
| Eating Habits | 1.454 | 1.324 | .229 | .004 | |
| Sleep Quality | 11.330 | 1.324 | .001 | .034 | |
| Problematic Internet Use | 3.404 | 1.324 | .066 | .010 | |
| Cognitive Ability | 17.265 | 1.324 | <.001 | .051 | |
| Gender | Physical Activity | 0.560 | 1.324 | .455 | .002 |
| Eating Habits | 0.966 | 1.324 | .326 | .003 | |
| Sleep Quality | 0.229 | 1.324 | .633 | .001 | |
| Problematic Internet Use | 0.802 | 1.324 | .371 | .002 | |
| Cognitive Ability | 1.003 | 1.324 | .317 | .003 | |
| BMI | Physical Activity | 0.513 | 2.324 | .599 | .003 |
| Eating Habits | 2.853 | 2.324 | .059 | .017 | |
| Sleep Quality | 1.063 | 2.324 | .347 | .007 | |
| Problematic Internet Use | 1.537 | 2.324 | .217 | .009 | |
| Cognitive Ability | 1.357 | 2.324 | .259 | .008 | |
| FI | Physical Activity | 0.409 | 1.324 | .523 | .001 |
| Eating Habits | 1.070 | 1.324 | .302 | .003 | |
| Sleep Quality | 2.737 | 1.324 | .099 | .008 | |
| Problematic Internet Use | 2.120 | 1.324 | .146 | .007 | |
| Cognitive Ability | 2.062 | 1.324 | .152 | .006 | |
| AP | Physical Activity | 8.950 | 1.324 | .003 | .027 |
| Eating Habits | 6.471 | 1.324 | .011 | .020 | |
| Sleep Quality | 8.122 | 1.324 | .005 | .024 | |
| Problematic Internet Use | 7.475 | 1.324 | .007 | .023 | |
| Cognitive Ability | 4.443 | 1.324 | .036 | .014 | |
| SFC | Physical Activity | 0.009 | 1.324 | .924 | .000 |
| Eating Habits | 1.180 | 1.324 | .278 | .004 | |
| Sleep Quality | 0.984 | 1.324 | .322 | .003 | |
| Problematic Internet Use | 1.262 | 1.324 | .262 | .004 | |
| Cognitive Ability | 1.181 | 1.324 | .278 | .004 | |
| PE | Physical Activity | 7.193 | 1.324 | .008 | .022 |
| Eating Habits | 21.948 | 1.324 | <.001 | .063 | |
| Sleep Quality | 18.147 | 1.324 | <.001 | .053 | |
| Problematic Internet Use | 41.321 | 1.324 | <.001 | .113 | |
| Cognitive Ability | 67.315 | 1.324 | <.001 | .172 |
[i] Note. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. Abbreviations: FI = Family Income; AP = Affordability of Parents; SFC = Subjective Financial Condition; PE = Parental Education.