Integrating Smartphone Apps During Differentiated Teaching: Promoting Increased Student Engagement and Performance in Team Sports Activities in Middle School Physical Education

Ega Trisna Rahayu; Edi Setiawan; Rolly Afrinaldi; Kamal Prihandani; Rina Syafrida; Mochammad Ikhsanul Al Raffi; Amayra Tannoubi; Allabergan Sharipov; Adang Suherman; Ferman Konukman

doi:10.5334/paah.442

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effects of smartphone apps (SA) which were integrated with the differentiated teaching model (DTM) on study engagement (SE), and games performance (GP) students in physical education (PE) classes. This study adopted a 9-week experimental method. Sixty males, and females students were assigned to the SA integrated DTM group (n = 30, male = 15; female = 15), and traditional teaching (TT) (n = 30, male = 15; female = 15). SE and GP were measured at the pre-test, mid-test, and post-test stages. The results of the 2-way repeated measure (RM) ANOVA analysis showed that there were significant main effects of time, teaching, and interaction on SE related to vigor (p < 0.001), dedication (p < 0.001), and absorption (p < 0.001). There were significant main effects of time, teaching, and interaction on GP with aspects of base (p < 0.001), adjust (p < 0.001), decision-making (p < 0.001), skill execution (p < 0.001), support (p < 0.001), cover (p < 0.001), and guard/mark (p < 0.001). We conclude that the current study on SA integrated during DTM is methodologically effective towards improving SE, and GP of male and female students in PE classes.

References

Akbaruddin, A., Suherman, W. S., Komari, A., Saputra, W., Permana, M. F., Bayetov, K., Kurtoğlu, A., Khamraeva, Z. B., Lobo, J., & Setiawan, E. (2025). Differentiated Instruction in Physical Education: Influences on Student Passion, Study Habits and Fitness Levels. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 13(1), 33–44. 10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.13n.1p.33
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Al-Amri, A., Abdulaziz, S., Bashir, S., Ahsan, M., & Abualait, T. (2023). Effects of smartphone addiction on cognitive function and physical activity in middle-school children: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1182749
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Arufe-Giráldez, V., Sanmiguel-Rodríguez, A., Ramos-Álvarez, O., & Navarro-Patón, R. (2023). News of the Pedagogical Models in Physical Education—A Quick Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3). 10.3390/ijerph20032586
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Basri, H., Rihatno, T., Sukur, A., Samsudin, S., Prayogo, G., Dlis, F., …, & Setiawan, E. (2024). Impact of Augmented Video-Verbal Encouragement Feedback on Motivation and Technical Performance in Novice Cricket Athletes. Sport and Tourism Central European Journal, 7(3), 93–110. 10.16926/sit.2024.03.06
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Benito Mundet, H., Llop Escorihuela, E., Verdaguer Planas, M., Comas Matas, J., Lleonart Sitjar, A., Orts Alis, M., Amadó Codony, A., & Rostan Sánchez, C. (2021). Multidimensional research on university engagement using a mixed method approach. Educacion XX1, 24(2), 65–96. 10.5944/educxx1.28561
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bergkamp, T. L. G., den Hartigh, R. J. R., Frencken, W. G. P., Susan, A., & Meijer, R. R. (2020). The validity of small-sided games in predicting 11-vs-11 soccer game performance. PLoS ONE, 15(9 September 2020), 1–18. 10.1371/journal.pone.0239448
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blegur, J., & Hardiansyah, S. (2024). Differentiation instruction publications in physical education: bibliometric analysis of the last ten years. Journal of Education and Learning, 18(3), 902–913. 10.11591/edulearn.v18i3.21307
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bores-García, D., Cano-de-la-Cuerda, R., Espada, M., Romero-Parra, N., Fernández-Vázquez, D., Delfa-De-La-Morena, J. M., Navarro-López, V., & Palacios-Ceña, D. (2024). Educational Research on the Use of Virtual Reality Combined with a Practice Teaching Style in Physical Education: A Qualitative Study from the Perspective of Researchers. Education Sciences, 14(3). 10.3390/educsci14030291
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Colquitt, G., Pritchard, T., Johnson, C., & McCollum, S. (2017). Differentiating Instruction in Physical Education: Personalization of Learning. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 88(7), 44–50. 10.1080/07303084.2017.1340205
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cui, Z., Song, Y., & Du, X. (2024). Multilevel modeling of technology use, student engagement, and fitness outcomes in physical education classes. Frontiers in Psychology, 15(October), 1–11. 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1458899
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
De Francisco, C., Sánchez-Romero, E. I., Vílchez Conesa, M. D. P., & Arce, C. (2020). Basic psychological needs, burnout and engagement in sport: The mediating role of motivation regulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 1–14. 10.3390/ijerph17144941
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Eysink, T. H. S., Hulsbeek, M., & Gijlers, H. (2017). Supporting primary school teachers in differentiating in the regular classroom. Teaching and Teacher Education, 66, 107–116. 10.1016/j.tate.2017.04.002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Farias, C., Valério, C., & Mesquita, I. (2018). Sport Education as a Curriculum Approach to Student Learning of Invasion Games: Effects on Game Performance and Game Involvement. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 01(November 2017), 193–201.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fernández-Vázquez, D., Navarro-López, V., Cano-de-la-Cuerda, R., Palacios-Ceña, D., Espada, M., Bores-García, D., Delfa-de-la-Morena, J. M., & Romero-Parra, N. (2024). Influence of Virtual Reality and Gamification Combined with Practice Teaching Style in Physical Education on Motor Skills and Students’ Perceived Effort: A Mixed-Method Intervention Study. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(4). 10.3390/su16041584
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gaspar, V., Gil-Arias, A., Del Villar, F., Práxedes, A., & Moreno, A. (2021). How tgfu influence on students’ motivational outcomes in physical education? A study in elementary school context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10). 10.3390/ijerph18105407
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gil-Espinosa, F. J., Nielsen-Rodríguez, A., Romance, R., & Burgueño, R. (2022). Smartphone applications for physical activity promotion from physical education. Education and Information Technologies, 27(8), 11759–11779. 10.1007/s10639-022-11108-2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Guo, Q., Samsudin, S., Yang, X., Gao, J., Ramlan, M. A., Abdullah, B., & Farizan, N. H. (2023). Relationship between Perceived Teacher Support and Student Engagement in Physical Education: A Systematic Review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(7), 1–18. 10.3390/su15076039
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gür, F., Gür, G. C., & Ayan, V. (2020). The Effect of the ERVE Smartphone App on Physical Activity, Quality of Life, Self-Efficacy, and Exercise Motivation for Inactive People: A Randomized Controlled Trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 39(March), 101198. 10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101198
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hastie, P. A., Stringfellow, A., Johnson, J. L., Dixon, C. E., Hollett, N., & Ward, K. (2022). Examining the concept of engagement in physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 27(1), 1–18. 10.1080/17408989.2020.1861231
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Langelaan, B. N., Gaikhorst, L., Smets, W., & Oostdam, R. J. (2024). Differentiating instruction: Understanding the key elements for successful teacher preparation and development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 140(December 2023), 104464. 10.1016/j.tate.2023.104464
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lin, K. C., Hung, H. C., & Chen, N. S. (2023). The effect of wearable technology on badminton learning performance: a multiple feedback WISER model in physical education. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1). 10.1186/s40561-023-00247-9
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mahardhika, D. B., Pelana, R., Sulaiman, I., Samsudin, S., Asmawi, M., Tannoubi, A., Dimyati, A., & Kurtoğlu, A. (2024). Effect of Game-based Instructional on Learning Engagement and Game Performance of Students in Physical Education. Studia Sportiva, 18, 162–172. 10.5817/StS2024-1-14
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Maněnová, M., Knajfl, P., & Wolf, J. (2022). Motivation and Performance of Students in School Physical Education in Which Mobile Applications Are Used. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15). 10.3390/su14159016
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Manninen, M., Magrum, E., Campbell, S., & Belton, S. (2024). The effect of game-based approaches on decision-making, knowledge, and motor skill: A systematic review and a multilevel meta-analysis. European Physical Education Review. 10.1177/1356336X241245305
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marín-Suelves, D., Ramón-Llin, J., & Gabarda, V. (2023). The Role of Technology in Physical Education Teaching in the Wake of the Pandemic. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(11). 10.3390/su15118503
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Memmert, D., & Harvey, S. (2008). The Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI): Some concerns and solutions for further development. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 27(2), 220–240. 10.1123/jtpe.27.2.220
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Miao, M., Chai, H., Xue, R., & Wang, Q. (2024). Effects of perceived variety-support on middle school students’ learning engagement in physical education: the mediating role of motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 15(September). 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1459362
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morales-Belando, M. T., Calderón, A., & Arias-Estero, J. L. (2018). Improvement in game performance and adherence after an aligned TGfU floorball unit in physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(6), 657–671. 10.1080/17408989.2018.1530747
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Novetra, J., Kartawijaya, Y., Lubis, J., Samsudin, S., Murniati, S., Tannoubi, A., Kurtoğlu, A., Lobo, J., Govindasamy, K., & Setiawan, E. (2025). Impact of video modeling training with verbal encouragement on the technical performance and mental toughness of novice karate athletes: an experimental study at Jakarta state university. Sportis Sci, 11(2), 1–24. 10.17979/sportis.2025.11.2.11258
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ortiz, M., Meroño, L., Morales-Belando, M. T., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., & González-Gálvez, N. (2023). Teaching Games for Understanding in Game Performance and Psychosocial Variables: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trial. Children, 10(3). 10.3390/children10030573
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pan, Y. H., Huang, C. H., & Hsu, W. T. (2023). A comparison of the learning effects between TGfU-SE and TGfU on learning motivation, sport enjoyment, responsibility, and game performance in physical education. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(July). 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1165064
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Paramitha, S. T., Setiawan, E., Lesmana, I. B., Tannoubi, A., Raman, A., Kurtoǧlu, A., Gazali, N., Rochman, T., Getu, S., & Lobo, J. (2024). Increase grit and learning satisfaction in physical education among student-athletes: augmented reality Learning is the Solution? Retos, 61, 589–597. 10.47197/retos.v61.109935
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pérez-Muñoz, S., Castaño Calle, R., Morales Campo, P. T., & Rodríguez-Cayetano, A. (2024). A Systematic Review of the Use and Effect of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality in Physical Education. Information (Switzerland), 15(9). 10.3390/info15090582
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Portillo, J., Abián, P., Bravo-Sánchez, A., Dorado-Suárez, A., & Abián-Vicén, J. (2023). Effects of the Comprehensive and Technical Models of Sports Teaching in Secondary School Students. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(8), 1–14. 10.3390/su15086752
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pozas, M., Letzel-Alt, V., & Schwab, S. (2023). The effects of differentiated instruction on teachers’ stress and job satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 122(February), 103962. 10.1016/j.tate.2022.103962
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rusmanto, R., Tomoliyus, T., Sulastion, A., Gazali, N., Abdullah, K. H., Gil-espinosa, F. J., & Setiawan, E. (2023). Virtual Reality to Promoting Sports Engagement and Some Technical skills in Junior Football Athletes: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. Retos, 50, 1129–1133. 10.47197/retos.v50.100319
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Salar, R., & Turgut, U. (2021). Effect of Differentiated Instruction and 5E Learning Cycle on Academic Achievement and Self-efficacy of Students in Physics Lesson. Science Education International, 32(1), 4–13. 10.33828/sei.v32.i1.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sargent, J., & Calderón, A. (2022). Technology-Enhanced Learning Physical Education? A Critical Review of the Literature. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 41(4), 689–709. 10.1123/jtpe.2021-0136
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Simón-Chico, L., González-Peño, A., Hernández-Cuadrado, E., & Franco, E. (2023). The Impact of a Challenge-Based Learning Experience in Physical Education on Students’ Motivation and Engagement. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(4), 684–700. 10.3390/ejihpe13040052
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Singh, M., James, P. S., Paul, H., & Bolar, K. (2022). Impact of cognitive-behavioral motivation on student engagement. Heliyon, 8(7), e09843. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09843
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Soliman, M., Rasheed, A., Hady, H. A., Jdaitawi, M., Khamees, A., & Abdelsalam, R. (2022). Social Support and Self-Care Behavior Study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, January, 1–6. 10.4103/jehp.jehp
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tannoubi, A., Ouergui, I., Srem-Sai, M., Hagan, J. E., Quansah, F., & Azaiez, F. (2023). Effectiveness of Video Modeling in Improving Technical Skills in Young Novice Basketball Players: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Children, 10(4). 10.3390/children10040687
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Taş, H., & Minaz, M. B. (2024). The Effects of Learning Style-Based Differentiated Instructional Activities on Academic Achievement and Learning Retention in the Social Studies Course. SAGE Open, 14(2), 1–14. 10.1177/21582440241249290
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Varga, A., & Révész, L. (2023). Impact of Applying Information and Communication Technology Tools in Physical Education Classes. Informatics, 10(1). 10.3390/informatics10010020
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vega-Ramírez, L., Notario, R. O., & Ávalos-Ramos, M. A. (2020). The relevance of mobile applications in the learning of physical education. Education Sciences, 10(11), 1–11. 10.3390/educsci10110329
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Webster, E. K., Kracht, C. L., Newton, R. L., Beyl, R. A., & Staiano, A. E. (2020). Intervention to improve preschool children’s fundamental motor skills: Protocol for a parent-focused, mobile app–based comparative effectiveness trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 9(10), 1–11. 10.2196/19943
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yang, Y., & Koenigstorfer, J. (2021). Determinants of fitness app usage and moderating impacts of education-, motivation-, and gamification-related app features on physical activity intentions: Cross-sectional survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(7). 10.2196/26063
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zhang, M., Wang, W., Li, M., Sheng, H., & Zhai, Y. (2022). Efficacy of Mobile Health Applications to Improve Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Physically Inactive Individuals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8). 10.3390/ijerph19084905
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zulkifli, A. F., & Danis, A. (2022). Technology in physical education: Using movement analysis application to improve feedback on sports skills among undergraduate physical education students. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 6(1), 100350. 10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100350
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Integrating Smartphone Apps During Differentiated Teaching: Promoting Increased Student Engagement and Performance in Team Sports Activities in Middle School Physical Education

Abstract

Paradigm

My account