Table 1
Selected characteristics of middle-aged male office workers who had been performing adequate amounts of physical activity (Adequate PA) and trail running on a regular basis (Trail runners).
| VARIABLES | ADEQUATE PA (n = 14) | TRAIL RUNNERS (n = 15) | t | p-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 40.5 ± 3.5 | 40.2 ± 3.2 | 0.241 | 0.811 |
| Height (cm) | 173 ± 4 | 171 ± 8 | 0.830 | 0.414 |
| Body weight (kg) | 79.4 ± 10.6 | 69.4 ± 10.0* | 2.611 | 0.015 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 3.0 | 23.5 ± 2.3* | 2.533 | 0.017 |
| Body fat (%) | 29.7 ± 2.7 | 23.3 ± 4.2* | 4.920 | 0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 22.9 ± 4.0 | 15.9 ± 4.8* | 4.202 | 0.001 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 53.7 ± 7.1 | 49.5 ± 7.3 | 1.567 | 0.128 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 70.0 ± 8.5 | 58.0 ± 8.1* | 3.893 | 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127 ± 12 | 119 ± 5* | 2.421 | 0.013 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76 ± 9 | 75 ± 6 | 0.407 | 0.688 |
| Mean BP (mmHg) | 95 ± 16 | 89 ± 5 | 1.431 | 0.164 |
| Sit and reach (cm) | –0.6 ± 10.2 | 5.8 ± 10.2 | 1.684 | 0.104 |
| Push-up (n) | 26.1 ± 9.5 | 34.9 ± 14.9 | 1.907 | 0.069 |
| Sit-up (n) | 29.6 ± 9.6 | 33.8 ± 8.8 | 1.212 | 0.236 |
| Chair-stand (n) | 46.8 ± 9.6 | 55.5 ± 11.2* | 2.267 | 0.032 |
| VO2max (ml/kg/min) | 36.8 ± 6.3 | 48.4 ± 8.3* | 4.270 | 0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET.min/week) | 1907 ± 1615 | 5188 ± 1244* | 6.154 | 0.001 |
| Sleep duration (hours) | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 6.6 ± 0.9 | –0.336 | 0.739 |
| Coffee intake (cups/week) | 8.8 ± 3.0 | 7.3 ± 3.7 | 1.190 | 0.244 |
| Alcohol intake (bottle/week) | 4.2 ± 2.0 | 4.0 ± 2.9 | 1.21 | 0.906 |
[i] Data are means ± SD. *P < 0.05 vs. Adequate PA. BP = blood pressure; VO2max = maximal oxygen consumption, MET = metabolic equivalent.
Figure 1
Vascular function and structure of middle-aged male office workers who had been performing adequate amounts of physical activity (Adequate PA) and trail running on a regular basis (Trail runners).
*P < 0.05 vs. Adequate PA. baPWV = brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; IMT = intima-media thickness; FMD = flow-mediated dilatation.
Table 2
Cognitive function of middle-aged male office workers who had been performing adequate amounts of physical activity (Adequate PA) and trail running on a regular basis (Trail runners).
| VARIABLES | ADEQUATE PA (n = 14) | TRAIL RUNNERS (n = 15) | t | p-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MoCA (score) | 26.7 ± 2.1 | 27.7 ± 2.6 | 1.172 | 0.248 |
| MMSE (score) | 29.7 ± 0.5 | 29.9 ± 0.3 | 1.543 | 0.138 |
| 1-back reaction time (m/s) | 578 ± 88 | 577 ± 93 | 0.046 | 0.482 |
| SCWT congruence reaction time (m/s) | 789 ± 105 | 853 ± 56 | 2.037 | 0.055 |
| SCWT incongruence reaction time (m/s) | 857 ± 141 | 922 ± 173 | 1.057 | 0.301 |
[i] Data are means ± SD. MoCA = Montreal cognitive assessment; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; SCWT = Stroop color and word test.
Figure 2
Cerebral blood velocity at baseline, after the 1-back and Stroop color and word test (SCWT) tasks of middle-aged male office workers who had been performing adequate amounts of physical activity (Adequate PA) and trail running on a regular basis (Trail runners).
*P < 0.05 vs. Adequate PA. †P < 0.05 vs baseline, #P < 0.05 vs after task. TAMV = time average mean blood velocity; PI = pulsatility index.