Table 1
Demographic information of the participant.
| VARIABLES MEASURED | |
|---|---|
| CVESSVG (n = 20) | |
| Age [years] | 18.9 ± 0.788 |
| Body height [cm] | 165 ± 3.89 |
| Body weight [kg] | 57.3 ± 1.45 |
| BMI [kg·m–2] | 21.9 ± 1.05 |
| Volleyball experience [years] | 1.74 ± 0.176 |
| CVESSVG experience [years] | 1.21 ± 0.174 |
| SSG-non CVE (n = 20) | |
| Age [years] | 19.3 ± 0.733 |
| Body height [cm] | 165 ± 3.52 |
| Body weight [kg] | 58.0 ± 2.84 |
| BMI [kg·m–2] | 22.4 ± 1.05 |
| Volleyball experience [years] | 1.83 ± 0.173 |
| CVESSVG experience [years] | 1.36 ± 0.314 |
[i] Note: CVESSVG = Coach’s verbal encouragement small-sided volleyball games, SSG-non CVE =Small sided game-non coach’s verbal encouragement, BMI = Body mass index.
Figure 1
Agility T-Test.
Table 2
CVESSVG program.
| WEEKS | SESSION | FORMATCVE | FORMATSSVG | DURATION | REST | POSITION |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Games Rules: Each team is allowed twice to touch until the ball is touched by the opponent team. One player is not allowed to touch the ball 2 times in a row (net height: 2.10 m and field size: 9 × 9 m.) | ||||||
| 1–2 | 1 | “Come on” “You can do it” | 3v3 | 25 min | 5 min | Libero |
| 2 | “Good movement” “Good job” | 4v4 | 25 min | 5 min | ||
| 3–4 | 1 | “Show your ability” “Good serve” | 4v4 | 25 min | 5 min | Tosser |
| 2 | “Good reception” “Don’t give up” | 3v3 | 25 min | 5 min | ||
| 5–6 | 1 | Do harder punches “Good sets” | 3v3 | 25 min | 5 min | Spiker |
| 2 | “Come on jump higher” “Good attack” | 4v4 | 25 min | 5 min | ||
| 7–8 | 1 | “Block well” “Good defense” | 4v4 | 25 min | 5 min | Libero |
| 2 | “Earn more points” “Maintaining victory” | 3v3 | 25 min | 5 min | ||
| 9–10 | 1 | “Good performance today” “Thank you for your efforts” | 3v3 | 25 min | 5 min | Tosser |
| 2 | “Don’t give up” “Don’t lose” | 4v4 | 25 min | 5 min | ||
| 11–12 | 1 | “Do harder punches” “You have to win” | 4v4 | 25 min | 5 min | Spiker |
| 2 | “Block well” “Focus on the game” | 3v3 | 25 min | 5 min | ||
Figure 2
Study design.
Table 3
Results of intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) dan Shapiro-wilk’s (SW).
| VARIABLES MEASURED | ICC | SW- CVESSVG(PRE – POST) | SW- SSG-NON CVE(PRE – POST) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Performance | |||
| ATT [s] | 0.980 | 0.092 | 0.321 |
| 10-mST [s] | 0.987 | 0.079 | 0.115 |
| CMJT [cm] | 0.925 | 0.940 | 0.159 |
| MBTT [m] | 0.896 | 0.066 | 0.054 |
| M20M-SRT [ml/kg/min] | 0.893 | 0.502 | 0.341 |
| Technical-Tactical Behavior | |||
| Serve [score] | 0.971 | 0.063 | 0.078 |
| Reception [score] | 0.963 | 0.090 | 0.064 |
| Sets [score] | 0.948 | 0.082 | 0.057 |
| Attack [score] | 0.952 | 0.135 | 0.072 |
| Defense [score] | 0.970 | 0.139 | 0.061 |
[i] Note: CVESSVG = Coach’s verbal encouragement small-sided volleyball games, SSG-non CVE =Small sided game-non coach’s verbal encouragement, ATT = Agility t-test, 10-mST = 10-m sprint test, CMJT = Countermovement jump test, MBTT = Medicine ball throw test, M20M-SRT = Multistage 20 meter-shuttle run test, ICC = Intra-class correlation coefficient, SW = Shapiro-wilk’s.
Table 4
Effect of coach’s verbal encouragement small-sided volleyball games (CVESSVG) and small sided game-non coach’s verbal encouragement (SSG-non CVE) on physical performance.
| VARIABLES MEASURED | GROUPS | N | PRE | POST | %Δ | P | ES (D) | 2-WAY ANOVA REPEATED MEASURES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE | ||||||||
| ATT [s] | CVESSVG | 20 | 11.50 ± 0.642 | 10.00 ± 0.524 | –13.0 | <.001* | 2.49 [very large] | Time: F(1.38) = 103.10; p < .001; η2p = 0.731 Interaction: F(1.38) = 4.67; p = 0.037; η2p = 0.109 Group: F(1.38) = 13.8; p < .001; η2p = 0.267 |
| SSG-non CVE | 20 | 11.9 ± 0.618 | 10.9 ± 0.900 | –8.4 | <.001* | 1.07 [moderate] | ||
| 10-mST [s] | CVESSVG | 20 | 4.07 ± 0.647 | 2.68 ± 0.492 | –34.2 | <.001* | 1.87 [large] | Time: F(1.38) = 94.9; p < .001; η2p = 0.714 Interaction: F(1.38) = 12.9; p < .001; η2p = 0.254 Group: F(1.38) = 14.0; p < .001; η2p = 0.269 |
| SSG-non CVE | 20 | 4.27 ± 0.552 | 3.63 ± 0.637 | –15.0 | <.001* | 1.14 [moderate] | ||
| CMJT [cm] | CVESSVG | 20 | 24.6 ± 2.39 | 42.1 ± 4.26 | +71.1 | <.001* | –3.80 [very large] | Time: F(1.38) = 367; p < .001; η2p = 0.906 Interaction: F(1.38) = 175; p < .001; η2p = 0.822 Group: F(1.38) = 40.3; p < .001; η2p = 0.514 |
| SSG-non CVE | 20 | 26.7 ± 2.45 | 29.9 ± 2.73 | +12.0 | <.001* | –2.17 [very large] | ||
| MBTT [m] | CVESSVG | 20 | 2.15 ± 0.273 | 2.91 ± 0.456 | +35.3 | <.001* | –1.72 [large] | Time: F(1.38) = 116.424; p < .001; η2p = 0.754 Interaction: F(1.38)= 0.771; p = 0.385; η2p = 0.020NS Group: F(1.38) = 0.135; p = 0.715; η2p = 0.004NS |
| SSG-non CVE | 20 | 2.24 ± 0.190 | 2.88 ± 0.416 | +28.6 | <.001* | –1.70 [large] | ||
| M20M-SRT [ml/kg/min] | CVESSVG | 20 | 35.7 ± 3.13 | 46.5 ± 2.91 | +30.3 | <.001* | –2.65 [very large] | Time: F(1.38) = 240.5; p < .001; η2p = 0.864 Interaction: F(1.38) = 25.7; p < .001; η2p = 0.404 Group: F(1.38) = 37.3; p < .001; η2p = 0.495 |
| SSG-non CVE | 20 | 33.7 ± 3.05 | 39.1 ± 2.56 | +16.0 | <.001* | –2.36 [very large] | ||
[i] Note: CVESSVG = Coach’s verbal encouragement small-sided volleyball games, SSG-non CVE =Small sided game-non coach’s verbal encouragement, ATT = Agility t-test, 10-mST = 10-m sprint test, CMJT = Countermovement jump test, MBTT = Medicine ball throw test, M20M-SRT = Multistage 20 meter-shuttle run test, %Δ = Delta percentage, ES = Effect size, η2p = Partial eta squared. NS = Not significant. *Significant difference between pre- and post-test. Bold indicates significant differences in time, interaction and group factors in 2-Way ANOVA repeated measures analysis.
Figure 3
Changes in pre- and post-test between CVESVG and SSG-non CVE on (a) ATT, (b) 10-mST, (c) CMJT, (d) MBTT, and (e) M20M-SRT.
Table 5
Effect of coach’s verbal encouragement small-sided volleyball games (CVESSVG) and small sided game-non coach’s verbal encouragement (SSG-non CVE) on technical-tactical behavior.
| VARIABLES MEASURED | GROUPS | N | PRE | POST | %Δ | P | ES (D) | 2-WAY ANOVA REPEATED MEASURES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TECHNICAL-TACTICAL BEHAVIOR | ||||||||
| Serve [score] | CVESSVG | 20 | 7.70 ± 0.801 | 10.25 ± 1.333 | +33.1 | < .001* | –2.43 [very large] | Time: F(1.38) = 152.694; p < .001; η2p = 0.801 Interaction: F(1.38)= 0.829; p = 0.368; η2p = 0.021NS Group: F(1.38) = 10.4; p = 0.003; η2p = 0.215 |
| SSG-non CVE | 20 | 6.90 ± 1.17 | 9.10 ± 1.17 | +31.9 | < .001* | –1.62 [large] | ||
| Reception [score] | CVESSVG | 20 | 6.35 ± 0.671 | 9.00 ± 1.124 | +41.7 | < .001* | –2.24 [very large] | Time: F(1.38) = 170.62; p < .001; η2p = 0.818 Interaction: F(1.38) = 5.39; p = 0.026; η2p = 0.124 Group: F(1.38) = 9.24; p = 0.004; η2p = 0.196 |
| SSG-non CVE | 20 | 6.10 ± 0.912 | 7.95 ± 0.686 | +30.3 | < .001* | –1.87 [large] | ||
| Sets [score] | CVESSVG | 20 | 4.95 ± 1.32 | 7.70 ± 1.30 | +55.6 | < .001* | –2.13 [very large] | Time: F(1.38) = 140.67; p < .001; η2p = 0.787 Interaction: F(1.38) = 8.79; p = 0.005; η2p = 0.188 Group: F(1.38) = 5.23; p = 0.028; η2p = 0.121 |
| SSG-non CVE | 20 | 4.80 ± 0.768 | 6.45 ±1.050 | +34.4 | < .001* | –1.59 [large] | ||
| Attack [score] | CVESSVG | 20 | 6.25 ± 0.786 | 9.85 ± 1.565 | +57.6 | < .001 | –1.98 [large] | Time: F(1.38) = 119.26; p < .001; η2p = 0.758 Interaction: F(1.38) = 7.58; p = 0.009; η2p = 0.166 Group: F(1.38) = 47.1; p < .001; η2p = 0.554 |
| SSG-non CVE | 20 | 5.05 ± 1.395 | 7.20 ± 0.951 | +42.6 | < .001* | –1.44 [large] | ||
| Defense [score] | CVESSVG | 20 | 4.10 ± 0.852 | 8.30 ± 2.029 | +102.4 | < .001* | –1.94 [large] | Time: F(1.38) = 129.7; p < .001; η2p = 0.773 Interaction: F(1.38) = 18.4; p < .001; η2p = 0.327 Group: F(1.38) = 10.3; p = 0.003; η2p = 0.213 |
| SSG-non CVE | 20 | 4.35 ± 0.933 | 6.25 ± 0.550 | +43.7 | < .001* | –1.86 [large] | ||
[i] Note: CVESSVG = Coach’s verbal encouragement small-sided volleyball games, SSG-non CVE = Small sided game-non coach’s verbal encouragement, %Δ = Delta percentage, ES = Effect size, η2p = Partial eta squared. NS = Not significant. *Significant difference between pre- and post-test. Bold indicates significant differences in time, interaction and group factors in 2-Way ANOVA repeated measures analysis.
Figure 4
Changes in pre- and post-test between CVESVG and SSG-non CVE on (a) Serve, (b) Reception, (c) Sets, (d) Attack, and (e) Defense.