The Role of Motivation to Promote Personal and Social Responsibility Through PE and Sport: A Comparative Exploratory Investigation of Prospective PE Teachers and Sports Leaders in Hungary and Spain

Istvan Soos; Ian Whyte; Diana Szekeres; Karoly Ozsvath; Attila Szabo; Jonathan Ling; Jose Francisco Jiménez-Parra; Alfonso Valero-Valenzuela

doi:10.5334/paah.403

Figures & Tables

H1	Differences will be established between university students in this sample identifying with autonomous motivation compared with those identifying with controlled motivation.
H2	Positive relationships will be found between motivational profiles of university students in this sample with respect to an overall sum of psychological mediators index (PMI): emotional intelligence (EI attention, EI clarity, EI repair); resilience and personal and social responsibility
H3	Positive relationships will be found between motivational profiles of university students in this sample with respect to the students’ intentions to maintain physically active lifestyles after graduation
H4	Differences will be found by motivation and personal and social responsibility in Spanish (Southern European) and Hungarian (Central European) culture
H5	Differences will be found by motivation and personal and social responsibility in male and female students.

Table 1

Sample descriptive analysis, correlations, and reliability for all variables across all participants.

		M	SD	S	K	A	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1	Autonomy	3.973	0.759	–0.565	–0.134	.802	.600**	.419**	.806**	.348**	.150***	.180**	.186**	.292**	.140**	.184**	.155**	.187**
2	Competence	3.924	0.741	–0.619	–0.106	.818		.562**	.864**	.295**	.189**	.136**	.290**	.289**	.211**	.207**	.229**	.283**
3	Relatedness	4.137	0.826	–1.153	1.054	.880			.812**	.218**	.172**	.085	.204**	.233**	.092	.140**	0.82	.274**
4	PMI	4.011	0.641	–0.783	0.646	.884				.345**	.206**	.160**	.273**	.323**	.176**	.213**	.185**	.301**
5	Autonomous Motivation	4.947	1.066	–0.316	–0.233	.761					.536**	.252**	.216**	.389**	.387**	.458**	.478**	.250**
6	Controlled Motivation	4.658	1.146	–0.175	–0.480	.758						.224**	.116*	.147**	–.042	.054	.119*	.085
7	EI Attention	3.273	0.756	0.103	–0.351	.835							.228**	.280**	.206**	.271**	.294**	.070
8	EI Clarity	3.495	0.752	–0.426	0.202	.879								.397**	.284**	.192**	.203**	.096
9	Repair	3.383	0.697	–0.072	–0.387	.778									.552**	.501**	.465**	.208**
10	Resilience	4.778	1.110	0.233	–0.777	.963										.736**	.748**	.332**
11	Social Responsibility	4.761	0.853	–0.236	–0.533	.927											.815**	.375**
12	Personal Responsibility	4.207	0.884	–0.016	–0.484	.876												.333**
13	IPA	4.593	0.514	–1.669	3.032	.800

[i] Note: * p < .05; ** p < .01; M = mean, SD = standard deviation; s = skewness; K = kurtosis; PMI = psychological mediators index; EI = Emotional intelligence; IPA = Intention to be physically active.

Table 2

Univariate analysis of country, age, sex, and country × sex interactions.

VARIABLE	COUNTRY		AGE		SEX		COUNTRY x SEX
VARIABLE	F (13,340)	p-VALUE	F (13,340)	p-VALUE	F (13,340)	p-VALUE	F (13,340)	p-VALUE
Autonomy	0.438	0.509	9.403	0.002**	0.373	0.542	0.222	0.638
Competence	0.008	0.931	1.455	0.228	0.373	0.542	0.032	0.858
Relatedness	7.077	0.008*	0.051	0.822	0.003	0.960	0.280	0.597
PMI	2,051	0.153	3.127	0.078	0.253	0.615	0.231	0.631
Autonomous Motivation	33,664	<0.001**	0.005	0.944	1,789	0.182	0.233	0.629
Controlled Motivation	4.346	0.038*	4.129	0.043*	0.578	0.447	8.279	0.004*
EI Attention	18,822	<0.001**	6.312	0.012*	3.255	0.072	2.074	0.151
EI Clarity	0,334	0.564	6.638	0.009**	0.246	0.620	0.168	0.682
EI Repair	54.844	<0.001**	6.058	0.014*	0.316	0.574	0.045	0.833
Resilience	484.861	<0.001**	6.638	0.010*	0.074	0.786	0.257	0.613
Social Responsibility	364.859	<0.001**	0.003	0.954	8.552	0.004*	2.283	0.132
Personal Responsibility	362.237	<0.001**	2.914	0.089	2.585	0.109	4.058	0.045*
IPA	8.702	0.003*	0.912	0.340	0.049	0.825	1.075	0.300

[i] Note: * p < .05; ** p < .001; PMI = psychological mediators index; EI = Emotional intelligence; IPA = Intention to be physically active.

Table 3

Pairwise comparisons with sex comparisons presented by rows and comparisons between countries presented by columns.

	COUNTRY	MALES		FEMALES		MALE-FEMALE COMPARISON
	COUNTRY	MEAN	DT	MEAN	DT	p-VALUE	DIF (DT)
Autonomy	Hungary	3.998	0.073	4.009	0.077	0.913	–0.012 (0.106)
	Spain	3.903	0.074	3.994	0.105	0.483	–0.090 (0.128)
	p-value + eTa	0.365	0.002	0.904	0.000
Competence	Hungary	3.915	0.072	3.951	0.076	0.728	–0.037 (0.105)
	Spain	3.893	0.072	3.959	0.103	0.603	–0.066 (0.127)
	p-value + eTa	0.832	0.000	0.953	0.000
Relatedness	Hungary	4.267	0.080	4.223	0.084	0.708	0.044 (0.116)
	Spain	3.978	0.081	4.030	0.114	0.706	–0.053 (0.140)
	p-value + eTa	0.011*	0.018	0.174	0.005
PMI	Hungary	4.060	0.062	4.061	0.066	0.986	–0.002 (0.090)
	Spain	3.925	0.063	3.994	0.089	0.523	–0.070 (0.109)
	p-value + eTa	0.127	0.007	0.544	0.001
Autonomous Motivation	Hungary	4.569	0.099	4.774	0.105	0.155	–0.205 (0.144)
	Spain	5.277	0.100	5.373	0.142	0.580	–0.096 (0.174)
	p-value + eTa	<0.001**	0.067	<0.001**	0.032
Controlled Motivation	Hungary	4.610	0.110	4.875	0.116	0.098	–0.265 (0.160)
	Spain	4.710	0.111	4.254	0.157	0.019*	0.455 (0.193)
	p-value + eTa	0.523	0.001	0.002*	0.028
EI Attention	Hungary	2.997	0.071	3.257	0.075	0.012*	–0.261 (0.103)
	Spain	3.461	0.071	3.490	0.101	0.815	–0.029 (0.124)
	p-value + eTa	<0.001**	0.057	0.065	0.010
EI Clarity	Hungary	3.472	0.073	3.465	0.077	0.946	0.007 (0.106)
	Spain	3.554	0.073	3.479	0.104	0.557	0.075 (0.127)
	p-value + eTa	0.430	0.002	0.915	0.000
EI Repair	Hungary	3.127	0.063	3.182	0.066	0.546	–0.055 (0.091)
	Spain	3.670	0.063	3.695	0.090	0.820	–0.025 (0.110)
	p-value + eTa	<0.001**	0.095	<0.001**	0.057
Resilience	Hungary	4.002	0.069	4.064	0.073	0.542	–0.061 (0.101)
	Spain	5.747	0.070	5.728	0.099	0.878	0.019 (0.121)
	p-value + eTa	<0.001**	0.471	<0.001**	0.342
Social Responsibility	Hungary	4.086	0.057	4.374	0.060	<0.001**	–0.288 (0.083)
	Spain	5.425	0.058	5.516	0.082	0.360	–0.092 (0.100)
	p-value + eTa	<0.001**	0.436	<0.001**	0.264
Personal Responsibility	Hungary	3.530	0.059	3.773	0.062	0.005*	–0.243 (0.086)
	Spain	4.940	0.060	4.912	0.084	0.790	0.027 (0.103)
	p-value + eTa	<0.001**	0.446	<0.001**	0.252
IPA	Hungary	4.548	0.050	4.502	0.052	0.523	0.046 (0.072)
	Spain	4.656	0.050	4.727	0.071	0.414	–0.071 (0.087)
	p-value + eTa	0.127	0.007	0.011*	0.018

[i] Note: * p < .05; ** p < .001; PMI = psychological mediators index; EI = Emotional intelligence; IPA = Intention to be physically active; eTa = effect size of MANCOVA.

Differences in motivation and satisfaction of the basic psychological needs by country and sex.

H1	Differences were established between university students in this sample identifying with autonomous motivation compared with those identifying with controlled motivation.
H2	Positive relationships were found between motivational profiles of university students in this sample with respect to an overall sum of psychological mediators index (PMI): emotional intelligence (EI attention, EI clarity, EI repair); resilience and personal and social responsibility
H3	Positive relationships were found between motivational profiles of university students in this sample with respect to the students’ intentions to maintain physically active lifestyles after graduation
H4	Differences were found by motivation and personal and social responsibility in Spanish (Southern European) and Hungarian (Central European) culture
H5	Differences were found by motivation and personal and social responsibility in male and female students.

The Role of Motivation to Promote Personal and Social Responsibility Through PE and Sport: A Comparative Exploratory Investigation of Prospective PE Teachers and Sports Leaders in Hungary and Spain

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Figure 2

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