Figure 1
CONSORT Diagram.
Figure 2
Square-stepping HIIT protocol. A) Stepping towards the anticlockwise direction, B) Stepping towards the clockwise direction C) Heart rate during square-stepping HIIT.
Table 1
Baseline demographic data of all participants.
| PARAMETERS | CONTROL (n = 8) | PA (n = 12) | HIIT (n = 9) | HIIT+PA (n = 11) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female (%) | 87.50 | 66.67 | 77.78 | 63.64 |
| Age (years) | 25.50 ± 5.40 | 22.80 ± 2.99 | 21.20 ± 0.67* | 21.00 ± 0.77* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.20 ± 4.63 | 33.00 ± 7.06 | 29 ± 5.26 | 27.80 ± 3.52 |
| Body composition | ||||
| Muscle mass (kg) | 23.38 ± 3.83 | 30.77 ± 9.98 | 23.51 ± 4.27 | 26.66 ± 5.05 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 35.0 ± 7.05 | 35.08 ± 14.17 | 33.28 ± 11.55 | 27.54 ± 6.22 |
| %PBF | 44.71 ± 4.89 | 39.55 ± 9.48 | 42.88 ± 6.18 | 36.38 ± 7.23 |
| Abdominal fat (kg) | 19.75 ± 2.71 | 23.58 ± 3.56 | 19.87 ± 3.17 | 21.9 ± 3.37 |
| Obese subject (%) | 87.50 | 100.00 | 77.80 | 72.70 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| SP (mmHg) | 114.0 ± 16.20 | 125.25 ± 14.65 | 112.70 ± 9.78 | 117.94 ± 9.00 |
| DP (mmHg) | 89.38 ± 39.57 | 76.75 ± 10.69 | 80.56 ± 8.10 | 72.39 ± 6.66 |
| HR (beats/min) | 89.50 ± 12.53 | 76.83 ± 12.48 | 86.15 ± 8.67 | 77.24 ± 9.99 |
| Exercise times (mins/week) | 33.33 ± 46.10 | 70.71 ± 101.00 | 54.00 ± 92.52 | 76.82 ± 67.24 |
| Exercise subject (N) | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
[i] Data were expressed as mean ± SD, Control group (n = 8), PA; Phyllanthus amarus group (n = 12), HIIT; High intensity interval training group (n = 9), HIIT+PA; High intensity interval training + Phyllanthus amarus group (n = 11), BMI; Body mass index, %PBF; Percentage of body fat, SP; Systolic blood pressure, DP; Diastolic blood pressure, and HR; Heart rate, *P < 0.05 pre versus control group.
Table 2
The effect of square stepping HIIT combines with Phyllanthus amarus capsule supplement on biochemistry level.
| SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY LEVELS | CONTROL (n = 8) | PA (n = 12) | HIIT (n = 9) | HIIT+PA (n = 11) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRE-TEST | POST TEST | PRE-TEST | POST TEST | PRE-TEST | POST TEST | PRE-TEST | POST TEST | |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 94.6 ± 10.3 | 98.1 ± 10.1 | 99 ± 7.5 | 103 ± 8.4* | 96.9 ± 8.1 | 93.2 ± 7.3 | 100.5 ± 11.9 | 90.9 ± 5.5* |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.1 ± 3.6 | 194.4 ± 40.1 | 205 ± 56.9 | 214.4 ± 67.0 | 187.3 ± 27.1 | 182.3 ± 2 8.3 | 191.6 ± 29.2 | 182.2 ± 28.1 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 84.5 ± 34.4 | 101.1 ± 27.1 | 118.7 ± 3.9 | 143.7 ± 66.1 | 100.8 ± 45.9 | 107.8 ± 40.1 | 118.5 ± 107.9 | 95.4 ± 72.9 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 50.6 ± 7.3 | 48.8 ± 6.8 | 50.2 ± 7.4 | 49.3 ± 5.7 | 47.7 ± 11.2 | 50 ± 9.5 | 54.6 ± 9.6 | 52.6 ± 7.8 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 119.3 ± 13.2 | 116.1 ± 13.4 | 117.9 ± 16.9 | 117 ± 12.6 | 117 ± 13.5 | 115.1 ± 12.7 | 118.5 ± 10.9 | 113.6 ± 13.8 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1* | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1* | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 |
| AST (U/L) | 24.3 ± 11.8 | 17.3 ± 8.9 | 27 ± 15.1 | 21.5 ± 8.6 | 19.9 ± 10.5 | 19.2 ± 5.1 | 18.4 ± 6.2 | 17.8 ± 8.9 |
| ALT (U/L) | 16.8 ± 11.4 | 15 ± 7.8 | 31.6 ± 25.7 | 35.5 ± 23.4 | 11.8 ± 4.3 | 17.8 ± .2 | 14 ± 10.3 | 19.8 ± 17.3 |
[i] Data were expressed as mean ± SD, Control group (n = 8), PA; Phyllanthus amarus group (n = 12), HIIT; High intensity interval training group (n = 9), HIIT+PA; High intensity interval training + Phyllanthus amarus group (n = 11), FBG; Fasting blood glucose, HDL; High density lipoprotein, LDL; Low density lipoprotein, AST; aspartate transferase, and ALT; alanine aminotransferase, *P < 0.05 pre versus control group.
Figure 3
Effect of square stepping HIIT combines with Phyllanthus amarus capsule supplement on blood glucose and %changes in glucose after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at (A, D) T0 min, (B, E) T90 mins, and (C, F) T120 mins in overweight and obese subjects. Data were expressed as mean ± SD, Control group (n = 8), PA; Phyllanthus amarus group (n = 12), HIIT; High intensity interval training group (n = 9), and HIIT+PA; High intensity interval training + Phyllanthus amarus group (n = 11).
Figure 4
Effect of square stepping HIIT combines with Phyllanthus amarus capsule supplement on A) plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), B) interleukin-10 (IL-10), and C) malondialdehyde (MDA) in overweight and obese subjects. Data were expressed as mean ± SD, Control group (n = 8), PA; Phyllanthus amarus group (n = 12), HIIT; High intensity interval training group (n = 9), HIIT+PA; High intensity interval training + Phyllanthus amarus group (n = 11), *P < 0.05 pre versus posttest.