Table 1
Participants Characteristics.
| N | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Race | ||
| White or Caucasian | 115 | 95% |
| American Indian | 3 | 2.5% |
| Black or African Amerian | 3 | 2.5% |
| Other | 1 | 0.8% |
| Not reported | 1 | 0.8% |
| Marital Status | ||
| Married | 89 | 73.6% |
| Separated | 1 | 0.8% |
| Divorced | 18 | 14.9% |
| Widowed | 5 | 4.1% |
| Single/Never married | 7 | 5.8% |
| Not reported | 1 | 0.8% |
| Sexual Orientation | ||
| Heterosexual | 111 | 91.7% |
| Lesbian | 1 | 0.8% |
| Bisexual | 6 | 5% |
| Queer | 1 | 0.8% |
| Not reported | 1 | 0.8% |
| Education | ||
| Less than college | 1 | 0.8% |
| College degree | 1 | 0.8% |
| Advanced degree | 65 | 53.7% |
| Not reported | 4 | 3.3% |
| Income Level | ||
| <35K | 2 | 1.7% |
| 35K – 75K | 2 | 1.7% |
| >74K | 11 | 9.1% |
| Not reported | 106 | 87.6% |
| Sex at birth | ||
| Female | 117 | 96.7% |
| Male | 4 | 3.3% |
| Number of Children | ||
| 1 | 63 | 52.06% |
| 2 | 50 | 41.3% |
| 3 | 7 | 6.7% |
| 4 | 1 | 0.8% |
| Children’s Grade* | ||
| Pre-K | 20 | 10.6% |
| Grade 1 – 2 | 25 | 13.3% |
| Grade 3 – 5 | 37 | 19.7% |
| Grade 6 – 8 | 54 | 28.7% |
| Grade 9 – 12 | 52 | 27.7% |
[i] Note. * Number of children in each grade will not sum to 121 as parents have multiple children.
Table 2
Internal consistencies of a dichotomous scale for measuring mental health status.
| SCALE | KR-20 |
|---|---|
| Child’s negative mental health during remote learning | 0.74 |
| Child’s positive mental health during remote learning | 0.53 |
| Parent’s negative mental health during remote learning | 0.64 |
| Parent’s positive mental health during remote learning | 0.23 |
| Child’s negative mental health since returning in-person learning | 0.69 |
| Child’s positive mental health since returning in-person learning | 0.77 |
[i] Note. n = 121; Number of items for each scale is 8.
Table 3
Percentage of participants’ responses on change in child(ren) and parents or caregivers’ mental health symptoms after remote learning and since returning to in-school.
| CHECKLIST OF MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS | AFTER REMOTE LEARNING | SINCE RETURNING TO IN-SCHOOL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CHILD(REN) | PARENTS OR CAREGIVER | CHILD(REN) | |
| Increased anxiety | 45% | 57% | 21% |
| Increased depression | 26% | 15% | 2% |
| Increased difficulties with attention and hyperactivity | 45% | 7% | 11% |
| Increased difficulties with social skills | 36% | 4% | 12% |
| Increased difficulties with sleep | 17% | 18% | 4% |
| Increased irritability | 40% | 41% | 11% |
| Increased physical aggression | 7% | 1% | 3% |
| Increased verbal aggression | 13% | 8% | 4% |
| Increased negative mental health | 74% | 68% | 31% |
| Decreased anxiety | 3% | 6% | 28% |
| Decreased depression | 2% | 0% | 16% |
| Decreased difficulties with attention and hyperactivity | 0% | 0% | 15% |
| Decreased difficulties with social skills | 2% | 0% | 17% |
| Decreased difficulties with sleep | 2% | 1% | 8% |
| Decreased irritability | 2% | 0% | 16% |
| Decreased physical aggression | 0% | 0% | 1% |
| Decreased verbal aggression | 0% | 0% | 5% |
| Decreased negative mental health | 7% | 6% | 42% |
| No noticeable effects | 26% | 27% | 28% |
[i] Note: n = 121.
Table 4
Correlation among mental health status before and after remote learning.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | r | – | |||||
| n | 121 | ||||||
| 2 | r | 0.003 | – | ||||
| n | 121 | 121 | |||||
| 3 | r | .56** | 0.017 | – | |||
| n | 121 | 121 | 121 | ||||
| 4 | r | –0.148 | .41** | –.18* | – | ||
| n | 121 | 121 | 121 | 121 | |||
| 5 | r | .27** | .29** | 0.03 | .28** | – | |
| n | 121 | 121 | 121 | 121 | 121 | ||
| 6 | r | .45** | –0.02 | .44** | –0.118 | –.20* | – |
| n | 121 | 121 | 121 | 121 | 121 | 121 | |
| Age | r | –.07 | –.22** | –.11 | .08 | –.10 | –.14 |
| n | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 |
[i] Note: ** p < .01; * p < .05; 1 = Total number of children’s mental disturbance during remote learning; 2 = Total number of children’s positive mental health during remote learning; 3 = Total number of parental mental disturbance during remote learning; 4 = Total number of parental positive mental status during remote learning; 5 = Total number of children’s mental disturbance since returning to in-person schooling; 6 = Total number of children’s positive mental health since returning to in-person schooling.