Figure 1
Location of the study area: A) showing some of the mangrove swamp areas in Peninsular Malaysia (Larut Matang and Kapar in the west coast of Peninsular, Setiu and Kemaman-Chukai in the east coast of Peninsular). Arrow indicates the location of Kemaman-Chukai; B and C) showing the location of the three sites selected in the present study; Core 1, Core 2, Core 3.
Table 1
Location, depth interval, salinity, elevation level relative to mean sea-level (MSL), sediment types, total organic carbon, dominant vegetation, number of dead and live foraminifera and diversity indices of 15 sediment subsamples taken from three cores in the Kemaman-Chukai mangrove swamp.
| SUBSAMPLE DEPTH INTERVAL (CM) | SALINITY (PPT) | ELEVATION MSL (M) | SEDIMENT CLASSIFICATION | TOC (%) | DOMINANT VEGETATION | NO. DEAD SPECIMENS | DOWN-CORE % OF DEAD SPECIMENS | NO. LIVE SPECIMENS | DOWN-CORE % OF LIVE SPECIMENS | S (DEAD/LIVE) | α (DEAD/LIVE) | H’ (DEAD/LIVE) | J’ (DEAD/LIVE) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core 1 (04°14’39’’N, 103°25’53’’E) | ||||||||||||||
| C1S1 | 0–1 | 32 | 1.7 | Sand | 5.4 | Rhizophora apiculata | 1 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 |
| C1S2 | 10–11 | Muddy sand | 5.7 | 16 | 45.7 | 0 | 0 | 6/0 | 3.5/0 | 1.6/0 | 0.9/0 | |||
| C1S3 | 20–21 | Muddy sand | 5.1 | 7 | 20.0 | 0 | 0 | 2/0 | 0.9/0 | 0.6/0 | 0.9/0 | |||
| C1S4 | 30–31 | Sandy mud | 5.9 | 9 | 25.7 | 0 | 0 | 5/0 | 4.6/0 | 1.5/0 | 0.9/0 | |||
| C1S5 | 40–41 | Sandy mud | 4.9 | 2 | 5.7 | 0 | 0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | |||
| Total: 35 | Total: 100 | Total: 0 | Total: 0 | |||||||||||
| Core 2 (04°15’19’”N, 103°25’26”’E) | ||||||||||||||
| C2S1 | 0–1 | 28 | 2 | Sandy mud | 5.6 | Rhizophora apiculata | 68 | 24.6 | 3 | 50 | 10/1 | 3.2/0 | 1.7/0 | 0.8/0 |
| C2S2 | 10–11 | Sandy mud | 5.9 | 75 | 27.2 | 2 | 33.3 | 12/1 | 4/0 | 1.8/0 | 0.7/0 | |||
| C2S3 | 20–21 | Mud | 5.4 | 8 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 | 6/0 | 10.9/0 | 1.7/0 | 1.0/0 | |||
| C2S4 | 30–31 | Muddy sand | 5.4 | 81 | 29.3 | 1 | 16.7 | 9/1 | 2.6/0 | 1.4/0 | 0.6/0 | |||
| C2S5 | 40–41 | Sandy mud | 5.1 | 44 | 15.9 | 0 | 0 | 9/0 | 3.4/0 | 1.8/0 | 0.8/0 | |||
| Total: 276 | Total: 100 | Total: 6 | Total: 100 | |||||||||||
| Core 3 (04°15’6”’N, 103°25’2”’E) | ||||||||||||||
| C3S1 | 0–1 | 28 | 1.2 | Sandy mud | 5.9 | Xylocarpus granatum, Nypa fruticans | 194 | 25.0 | 18 | 47.4 | 13/2 | 3.1/0.6 | 1.5/0.5 | 0.6/0.7 |
| C3S2 | 10–11 | Sandy mud | 5.7 | 147 | 18.9 | 11 | 28.9 | 10/2 | 2.4/0.7 | 1.2/0.7 | 0.5/1.0 | |||
| C3S3 | 20–21 | Mud | 5.7 | 150 | 19.3 | 0 | 0 | 12/0 | 3.1/0 | 1.4/0 | 0.5/0 | |||
| C3S4 | 30–31 | Muddy sand | 5.8 | 139 | 17.9 | 5 | 13.2 | 12/0 | 3.2/1.2 | 1.6/0.7 | 0.7/1.0 | |||
| C3S5 | 40–41 | Sandy mud | 5.7 | 147 | 18.9 | 4 | 10.5 | 14/0 | 3.8/0 | 1.8/0 | 0.7/0 | |||
| Total: 777 | Total: 100 | Total: 38 | Total: 100 | |||||||||||
Figure 2
Root systems of Rhizophora apiculata (A) and Xylocarpus granatum (B) at the sampling sites. Subset C showing a huge (±1 m height) crab mound found at the seaward site (Core 1) of Kemaman-Chukai mangrove. Yellow arrow in subset D showing soft and muddy sediment were sampled using a D-section (Russian) corer during low tide.
Table 2
Foraminiferal census data for dead and live specimens in 15 sediment subsamples taken from three cores in the Kemaman-Chukai mangrove swamp. D = dead, L = live.
| CORE 1 | CORE 2 | CORE 3 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depth (cm) → | 0–1 | 10–11 | 20–21 | 30–31 | 40–41 | 0–1 | 10–11 | 20–21 | 30–31 | 40–41 | 0–1 | 10–11 | 20–21 | 30–31 | 40–41 |
| Taxa↓ | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L | D/L |
| Acupeina triperforata | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 7/0 | 2/0 | 3/0 | 7/0 | 5/0 |
| Ammoastuta salsa | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 6/0 | 4/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 |
| Ammotium pseudocassis | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3/0 | 4/0 | 1/0 | 2/0 | 2/0 |
| Ammotium salsum | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 |
| Ammotium sp. | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 3/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 |
| Arenoparrella mexicana | 0/0 | 6/0 | 5/0 | 1/0 | 2/0 | 31/0 | 32/0 | 1/0 | 43/1 | 19/0 | 108/3 | 98/5 | 87/0 | 65/2 | 66/0 |
| Bruneica clypea | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 5/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 2/0 | 5/0 |
| Caronia exilis | 0/0 | 3/0 | 0/0 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 3/0 | 3/0 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 2/0 | 3/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 3/0 |
| Entzia sp. | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 5/0 | 13/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 7/0 | 3/0 | 3/0 | 9/0 | 0/0 | 2/0 |
| Haplophragmoides manilaensis | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 7/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 1/0 |
| Haplophragmoides wilberti | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3/0 | 6/0 | 0/0 | 2/0 | 4/0 | 19/0 | 18/0 | 33/0 | 34/0 | 23/0 |
| Miliammina obliqua | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 3/0 | 1/0 | 3/0 | 2/0 |
| Miliammina fusca | 0/0 | 1/0 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 9/3 | 10/2 | 1/0 | 13/0 | 2/0 | 34/15 | 11/6 | 7/0 | 11/3 | 21/4 |
| Paratrochammina sp. | 1/0 | 3/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 7/0 | 0/0 | 2/0 | 15/0 | 3/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 |
| Siphotrochammina sp. | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 2/0 | 1/0 |
| Trochammina inflata | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 3/0 | 3/0 | 5/0 | 2/0 | 3/0 |
| Trochammina sp. A | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 4/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 8/0 | 6/0 |
| Trochammina sp. B | 0/0 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 3/0 | 0/0 | 1/0 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 2/0 | 7/0 |
| Total specimen/10 g | 1/0 | 16/0 | 7/0 | 9/0 | 2/0 | 68/3 | 75/2 | 8/0 | 81/1 | 44/0 | 194/18 | 147/11 | 150/0 | 139/5 | 147/4 |
Figure 3
Relative abundance of dead and live foraminiferal assemblages in all cores taken at three locations in the Kemaman-Chukai mangrove swamp.
Figure 4
A and B showing number of live specimens/10 g of sediment throughout the cores.
Figure 5
Scanning Electron Microscope images of some foraminiferal species identified from Kemaman-Chukai mangroves. Scale bars = 100 μm. 1 = Arenoparrella mexicana (Kornfeld, 1931) a) ventral b) side; 2 = Haplophragmoides wilberti (Andersen, 1953) a) dorsal b) side; 3 = Miliammina fusca (Brady, 1870); 4 = Acupeina triperforata (Millett, 1899) a) side b) aperture; 5 = Bruneica clypea (Brönnimann, Keij and Zaninetti, 1983) a) dorsal b) ventral; 6 = Paratrochammina sp. (Brönnimann, 1979, emended Brönnimann and Whittaker, 1986); 7 = Ammotium pseudocassis (Cushman and Brönnimann, 1948).