Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
A Review of Ethnographic Use of Wooden Spears and Implications for Pleistocene Hominin Hunting Cover

A Review of Ethnographic Use of Wooden Spears and Implications for Pleistocene Hominin Hunting

By:   
Open Access
|Sep 2020

References

  1. Adam, KD. 1951. Der Waldelefant von Lehringen, eine Jagdbeute des diluvialen Menschen. Quätar, 5: 79–92.
  2. Alvarsson, J-Å. 1988. Mataco Of The Gran Chaco: An Ethnographic Account Of Change And Continuity In Mataco Socio-Economic Organization. Uppsala: Academiae Upsaliensis, Almqvist and Wiskell International.
  3. Athreya, S and Rogers Ackermann, R. 2019. Colonialism and narratives of human origins in Asia and Africa. In Interrogating human origins: decolonisation and the deep past. In: Porr, M and Mathews, J (eds.). Abingdon: Routledge. DOI: 10.31730/osf.io/jtkn2
  4. Barsky, D and de Lumley, H. 2010. Early European Mode 2 and the stone industry from the Caune de l’Arago’s archeostratigraphical levels ‘P’. Quaternary International, 223–224: 71–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.12.005
  5. Bass, G, Collins, D and King, PG. 1798. An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, Volume 2. In: Cadell and Davies. Republished 1975 by Fletcher, BH (ed.), Sydney: AH and AW Read (RAHS in association). Available from: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12668#download.
  6. Benito, BM, Svenning, J-C, Kellberg-Nielsen, T, Riede, F, et al. 2016. The ecological niche and distribution of Neanderthals during the Last Interglacial. Journal of Biogeography, 44(1): 51–61. DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12845
  7. Berger, TD and Trinkaus, E. 1995. Patterns of trauma among the Neandertals. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22(6): 841–852. DOI: 10.1016/0305-4403(95)90013-6
  8. Biberson, P. 1964. Torralba et Ambrona. Notes sur deux stations acheuleens de chasseurs d’éléphants de la vielle Castille. In: Miscelanea en homenaje al Abate H. Breuil, tomo 1. Barcelona: Instituto de Prehistoria y Arqueología. pp. 201–231.
  9. Blackwood, B. 1935. Both Sides Of Buka Passage: An Ethnographic Study Of Social, Sexual, And Economic Questions In The North-Western Solomon Islands. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=on26-001.
  10. Blasco, R and Peris, JF. 2012. A uniquely broad spectrum diet during the Middle Pleistocene at Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain). Quaternary International, 252(C): 16–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.019
  11. Boëda, E, Geneste, J and Griggo, C. 1999. A Levallois point embedded in the vertebra of (Equus africanus): hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting weapons. Antiquity, 73: 394–402. DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00088335
  12. Boesch, C and Boesch, H. 1989. Hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the Tai National Park. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 78(4): 547–573. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330780410
  13. Boitani, L and Bartoli, S. 1983. Simon and Schuster’s Guide to Mammals. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  14. Bollig, L. 1927. The Inhabitants Of The Truk Islands: Religion, Life And A Short Grammar Of A Micronesian People. Münster: Aschendorff. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=or19-022.
  15. Bosinski, G. 1995. The earliest occupation of Europe: Western Central Europe. Analecta, 27: 103–128.
  16. Bosinski, G. 2006. Les premiers peuplements de l‘Europe centrale et de l’Est. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 5(1–2): 311–317. DOI: 10.1016/j.crpv.2005.09.004
  17. Bradfield, J, Lombard, M, Reynard, J and Wurz, S. 2020. Further evidence for bow hunting and its implications more than 60 000 years ago: Results of a use-trace analysis of the bone point from Klasies River Main site, South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews, 236(2020): 106295. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106295
  18. Bunn, HT. 1982. Meat-eating and human evolution: Studies of the diet and subsistence pattern of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Unpublished thesis (PhD), Berkeley: University of California.
  19. Bunn, HT and Gurtov, AN. 2014. Prey mortality profiles indicate that Early Pleistocene Homo at Olduvai was an ambush predator. Quaternary International, 322–323(C): 44–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.11.002
  20. Bunn, HT and Pickering, TR. 2010. Bovid mortality profiles in paleoecological context falsify hypotheses of endurance running–hunting and passive scavenging by early Pleistocene hominins. Quaternary Research, 74(3): 395–404. DOI: 10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.012
  21. Buskirk, W. 1986. The Western Apache: Living With The Land Before 1950. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=nt21-058.
  22. Cameron, J. 1998. The British Meet the Tiwi: Melville Island, 1824. In Austin, T and Parry, S (eds.), Connection and Disconnection: Encounters Between Settlers and Indigenous People in the Northern Territory. Darwin: NTU Press.
  23. Carpaneto, G and Germi, F. 1989. The mammals in the zoological culture of the Mbuti Pygmies in north-eastern Zaire/I mammiferi nella cultura zoologica dei Pigmei Mbuti nello Zaire nord. Hystrix, 1: 1–83.
  24. Churchill, SE. 2014. Thin on the Ground. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. DOI: 10.1002/9781118590836
  25. Churchill, SE. 1993. Weapon Technology, Prey Size Selection, and Hunting Methods in Modern Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Hunting in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, 4(1): 11–24. DOI: 10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.11
  26. Clastres, P. 1972. The Guayaki. In: Bicchieri, M (ed.), Hunters and gatherers today: socioeconomic study of eleven such cultures in the twentieth century. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press. pp. 138–174.
  27. Colell, M, Maté, C and Fa, JE. 1994. Hunting among Moka Bubis in Bioko: dynamics of faunal exploitation at the village level. Biodiversity and conservation, 3(9): 939–950. DOI: 10.1007/BF00129668
  28. Conard, NJ, Serangeli, J, Bigga, G and Rots, V. 2020. A 300,000-year-old throwing stick from Schöningen, northern Germany, documents the evolution of human hunting. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1–6. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1219-1
  29. Conard, NJ, Serangeli, J, Böhner, U, Starkovich, BM, et al. 2015. Excavations at Schöningen and paradigm shifts in human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution, 89(C): 1–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.003
  30. Coppe, J, Lepers, C, Clarenne, V, Delaunois, E, et al. 2019. Ballistic Study Tackles Kinetic Energy Values of Palaeolithic Weaponry. Archaeometry, 2(4), 107–124. DOI: 10.1111/arcm.12452
  31. Cosgrove, R and Pike-Tay, A. 2004. The Middle Palaeolithic and late Pleistocene Tasmania hunting behaviour: a reconsideration of the attributes of modern human behaviour. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 14(34): 321–332. DOI: 10.1002/oa.764
  32. Damuth, J. 1987. Interspecific allometry of population density in mammals and other animals: the independence of body mass and population energy-use. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 31(3), 193–246. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb01990.x
  33. Davidson, DS. 1934a. Australian Spear-traits and Their Derivations. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 43(2(170)): 41–72. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20702541.
  34. Davidson, DS. 1934b. Australian Spear-traits and Their Derivations (continued). The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 43(3(171)): 143–162. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20702556.
  35. Deacon, B and Wedgwood, C. 1934. Malekula: A Vanishing People In The New Hebrides. London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=oo12-004.
  36. Diamond, JM. 1978. The Tasmanians: The longest isolation, the simplest technology. Nature, 273: 185–186. DOI: 10.1038/273185a0
  37. Dillehay, TD. 1997. Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene settlement in Chile Volume 2, The archaeological context and interpretation. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  38. Dillehay, TD, Ocampo, C, Saavedra, J, Sawakuchi, AO, et al. 2015. New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile. In: Hart, JP (ed.), PLoS ONE, 10(11): e0141923–e0141927. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141923
  39. Dira, SJ and Hewlett, BS. 2016. Learning to Spear Hunt Among Ethiopian Chabu Adolescent Hunter-Gatherers. In Terashima, H and Hewlett, BS (eds.), Social Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers. Tokyo, Japan: Springer. pp. 71–81. DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55997-9_6
  40. Dodson, J. 1977. Late Quaternary Palaeoecology of Wyrie Swamp, Southeastern South Australia. Quaternary Research, 8: 97–114. DOI: 10.1016/0033-5894(77)90058-8
  41. Driver, HE. 1939. Culture element distributions: X Northwest California. University of California Anthropological Records, 1(6): 297–433. Available from: https://dpg.lib.berkeley.edu/webdb/anthpubs/search?all=&volume=1&journal=3&item=7.
  42. Drucker, P. 1937. Culture Element Distributions V: Southern California. University of California Anthropological Records, 1(1): 1–51. Available from: https://dpg.lib.berkeley.edu/webdb/anthpubs/search?all=&volume=1&journal=3&item=2.
  43. Drucker, P. 1941. Culture Element Distributions XVII: Yuman Piman. University of California Anthropological Records, 6(3): 91–230. Available from: https://dpg.lib.berkeley.edu/webdb/anthpubs/search?all=&volume=6&journal=3&item=4.
  44. Ellis, CJ. 1997. Factors Influencing the Use of Stone Projectile Tips: An Ethnographic Perspective. In: Knecht, H (ed.), Projectile Technology. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 37–74. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1851-2_2
  45. Emmons, GT and De Laguna, F. 1991. ‘Tlingit Indians.’ Anthropological Papers Of The American Museum Of Natural History. Seattle: University of Washington Press; American Museum of Natural History. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=na12-031.
  46. Erdland, A and Neuse, R. 1914. The Marshall Islanders: Life And Customs, Thought And Religion Of A South Seas People. Anthropos Bibliothek Ethnological Monographs. Münster: I. W: [s.n.] Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=or11-003.
  47. Fagan, BM and van Noten, FL. 1971. The hunter-gatherers of Gwisho. Tervuren: Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale.
  48. Fagan, BM, van Noten, FL and Vynckier, JR. 1966. Wooden Implements from Late Stone Age Sites at Gwisho Hot-springs, Lochinvar, Zambia. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 32, 246–261. DOI: 10.1017/S0079497X00014407
  49. Finlayson, C, Brown, K, Blasco, R, Rosell, J, et al. 2012. Birds of a Feather: Neanderthal Exploitation of Raptors and Corvids Michael D Petraglia (ed.). PLoS ONE, 7(9): e45927–e45929. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045927
  50. Flood, J. 1999. Archaeology of the Dreamtime: The story of prehistoric Australia and its people. 4th edition. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
  51. Fluck, H. 2015. Initial observations from experiments into the possible use of fire with stone tools in the manufacture of the Clacton point. Lithics–The Journal of the Lithic Studies Society, 28: 15–19. Available from: http://journal.lithics.org/index.php/lithics/article/view/403.
  52. Forde, CD. 1931. Ethnography of the Yuma Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 28(4): 83–278. Available from: http://uair.library.arizona.edu/system/files/usain/download/azu_i9791y95f711e_w.pdf.
  53. Fredericksen, C. 2002. Caring for history: Tiwi and archaeological narratives of Fort Dundas/Punata, Melville Island, Australia. World Archaeology, 34(2): 288–302. DOI: 10.1080/0043824022000007107
  54. Freeman, LG. 1975. Acheulean Sites and Stratigraphy in Iberia and the Maghreb. In: Butzer, K and Isaac, G (eds.), After the Australopithecines: stratigraphy, ecology and culture change in the Middle Pleistocene, 661–743. The Hague: Mouton.
  55. French, JC. 2019. The use of ethnographic data in Neanderthal archaeological research. Hunter Gatherer Research, 4(1): 25–49. DOI: 10.3828/hgr.2018.3
  56. Garland, T. 1983. The relation between maximal running speed and body mass in terrestrial mammals. Journal of Zoology, 199(2): 157–170. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb02087.x
  57. Garofoli, D. 2015. A Radical Embodied Approach to Lower Palaeolithic Spear-making. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 36(1–2): 1–26. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43854361.
  58. Gaudzinski, S. 2004. A matter of high resolution? The Eemian Interglacial (OIS 5e) in north-central Europe and Middle Palaeolithic subsistence. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 14(34): 201–211. DOI: 10.1002/oa.756
  59. Gaudzinski, S, Bittmann, F, Boenigk, W, Frechen, M, et al. 1996. Palaeoecology and Archaeology of the Kärlich–Seeufer Open-Air Site (Middle Pleistocene) in the Central Rhineland, Germany. Quaternary Research, 46(3): 319–334. DOI: 10.1006/qres.1996.0070
  60. Gaudzinski, S, Turner, E, Anzidei, AP, Àlvarez-Fernández, E, et al. 2005. The use of Proboscidean remains in every-day Palaeolithic life. Quaternary International, 126: 179–194. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.022
  61. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S, Noack, ES, Pop, E, Herbst, C, et al. 2018. Evidence for close-range hunting by last interglacial Neanderthals. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 1087–1092. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0596-1
  62. Gentry Steele, D and Baker, B. 1993. Multiple predation. In: Hudson, J (ed.), From Bones to Behavior: Ethnoarchaeological and Experimental Contributions to the Interpretation of Faunal Remains. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 21. pp. 9–37.
  63. Gifford, EW. 1931. The Kamia of Imperial Valley. Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 97: 1–94. Available from: https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/15564.
  64. Goodale, JC. 1971. Tiwi Wives: a study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  65. Goodwin, G and Basso, K. 1971. Western Apache Raiding And Warfare: From The Notes Of Grenville Goodwin. Basso, K, Jernigan, EW and Kessell, WB (eds.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=nt21-002.
  66. Goodwin, GC. 1977. Cherokees In Transition: A Study Of Changing Culture And Environment Prior To 1775. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=nn08-010.
  67. Gould, RA. 1970. Spears and spear-throwers of the Western Desert aborigines of Australia. American Museum novitates; no. 2403. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2613.
  68. Grubb, P, Groves, CP, Dudley, JP and Shoshani, J. 2000. Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Elephant, 2(4): 1–4. DOI: 10.22237/elephant/1521732169
  69. Grzimek, B. 1972. Grzimek’s animal life encyclopedia. New York; London: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  70. Haidle, MN. 2009. How to think a simple spear. In: De Beaune, S, Coolidge, F and Wynn, T (eds.), Cognitive Archaeology and Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–174.
  71. Hardman, ET. 1889. Notes on a collection of native weapons and implements from tropical Western Australia (Kimberley District). Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1889–1901: 57–69.
  72. Hardy, BL, Moncel, M-H, Daujeard, C, Fernandes, P, et al. 2013. Impossible Neanderthals? Making string, throwing projectiles and catching small game during Marine Isotope Stage 4 (Abri du Maras, France). Quaternary Science Reviews, 82: 23–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.09.028
  73. Hart, CWM and Pilling, AR. 1960. The Tiwi of North Australia. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston.
  74. Hawkes, K, O’Connell, JF and Jones, NG. 1991. Hunting income patterns among the Hadza: big game, common goods, foraging goals and the evolution of the human diet. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 334(1270): 243–50. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1991.0113
  75. Hayden, B. 1979. Palaeolithic reflections: lithic technology and ethnographic excavation among Australian Aborigines. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
  76. Heider, K. 1970. The Dugum Dani: A Papuan culture in the highlands of West New Guinea, Volume 49. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
  77. Heider, K. 1974. Dani Sweet Potatoes. written by Karl G. Heider, 1935–; directed by Karl G. Heider, 1935–; produced by Karl G. Heider, 1935– (Watertown, MA: Documentary Educational Resources (DER), 1974), 19 mins. Available from: http://search.alexanderstreet.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/work/783759.
  78. Henrich, J, Heine, S and Norenzayan, A. 2010. The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and brain sciences, 33: 61–135. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
  79. Hiatt, B. 1968. The Food Quest and the Economy of the Tasmanian Aborigines (Continued). Oceania, 38(3): 190–219. DOI: 10.1002/j.1834-4461.1968.tb00955.x
  80. Hiatt, B. 1967. The food quest and the economy of the Tasmanian Aborigines. Oceania, 38(2): 99–133. DOI: 10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00947.x
  81. Hitchcock, R and Bleed, P. 1997. Each According to Need and Fashion: Spear and Arrow Use among San Hunters of the Kalahari. In: Knecht, H (ed.), Projectile Technology. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 345–368. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1851-2_14
  82. Honigmann, JJ. 1954. The Kaska Indians: An Ethnographic Reconstruction. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=nd12-006.
  83. Horne, GA and Aiston, G. 1924. Savage Life in Central Australia. London: Macmillan.
  84. Hosfield, R. 2016. Walking in a Winter Wonderland? Strategies for Early and Middle Pleistocene Survival in Midlatitude Europe. Current Anthropology, 57(5): 653–682. DOI: 10.1086/688579
  85. Jenkins, SH and Busher, PE. 1979. Castor canadensis. Mammalian species, 120: 1–8. DOI: 10.2307/3503787
  86. Jones, R. 1977. The Tasmanian Paradox. In: Wright, R (ed.), Stone tools as cultural markers: change, evolution, and complexity. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. pp. 189–204.
  87. Kingsley, MH, Günther, A and Kirby, W. 1897. Travels in West Africa: Congo Francais, Corisco and Cameroons. London, New York: Macmillian and Co., Limited.
  88. Kortlandt, A. 2002. Neanderthal anatomy and the use of spears. Evolutionary Anthropology, 11(5): 183–184. DOI: 10.1002/evan.10026
  89. Krieger, WH. 1926. The Collection of Primitive Weapons and Armor of the Philippine Islands in the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, i–iii: 1–128. DOI: 10.5479/si.03629236.137.1
  90. Le Mar, K and McArthur, C. 2005. Comparison of habitat selection by two sympatric macropods, Thylogale billardierii and Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus, in a patchy eucalypt-forestry environment. Austral Ecology, 30(6): 674–683. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01510.x
  91. LeBar, FM. 1964. The Material Culture of Truk. New Haven, CT: Yale University. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=or19-003.
  92. Lew-Levy, S, Reckin, R, Lavi, N, Cristóbal-Azkarate, J, et al. 2017. How Do Hunter-Gatherer Children Learn Subsistence Skills? Human Nature, 28: 367–394. DOI: 10.1007/s12110-017-9302-2
  93. Lieberman, DE, Bramble, DM, Raichlen, DA and Shea, JJ. 2007. The evolution of endurance running and the tyranny of ethnography: A reply to Pickering and Bunn (2007). Journal of Human Evolution, 53(4): 439–442. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.002
  94. Lieberman, DE, Bramble, DM, Raichlen, DA and Shea, JJ. 2009. Brains, Brawn, and the Evolution of Human Endurance Running Capabilities. In: Grine, F, Fleagle, J and Leakey, R (eds.), The First Humans. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 77–92. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9980-9_8
  95. Lloyd, GT. 1862. Thirty-three Years in Tasmania and Victoria: Being the Actual Experience of the Author, Interspersed with Historic Jottings, Narratives, and Counsel to Emigrants. London: Houlsten and Wright.
  96. Longman, DP, Wells, JCK and Stock, JT. 2020. Human athletic paleobiology; using sport as a model to investigate human evolutionary adaptation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 6736(18): 2606–2618. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23992
  97. Luebbers, RA. 1975. Ancient boomerangs discovered in South Australia. Nature, 253(5486): 39–39. DOI: 10.1038/253039a0
  98. Luebbers, RA. 1978. Meals and Menus: a study of change in prehistoric coastal settlements in South Australia. Unpublished thesis (PhD), Australian National University.
  99. MacDonald, K. 2007. Cross-cultural Comparison of Learning in Human Hunting. Human nature, 18(4): 386–402. DOI: 10.1007/s12110-007-9019-8
  100. Malinowski, B. 1920. War And Weapons Among The Natives Of The Trobriand Islands. Man, 20(5): 10–12. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ol06-009. DOI: 10.2307/2839381
  101. Mania, D and Mania, U. 1998. Geräte aus Holz von der altpaläolithischen Fundstelle bei Bilzingsleben. Praehistoria Thuringica, 232–72.
  102. Marsh, H. 1989. Chapter 57: Dugongidae. In Fauna of Australia Vol. 1B mammalia. Available from: https://environment.gov.au/science/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/fauna-1b.
  103. Mayer, JJ and Wetzel, RM. 1986. Catagonus wagneri. Mammalian Species, (259): 1–5. DOI: 10.2307/3503829
  104. Mayer, JJ and Wetzel, RM. 1987. Tayassu pecari. Mammalian Species, 293: 1–7. DOI: 10.2307/3503865
  105. Mazza, PPA, Martini, F, Sala, B, Magi, M, et al. 2006. A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(9): 1310–1318. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006
  106. McGrew, WC. 1987. Tools to Get Food: The Subsistants of Tasmanian Aborigines and Tanzanian Chimpanzees Compared. Journal of Anthropological Research, 43(3): 247–258. DOI: 10.1086/jar.43.3.3630525
  107. McNiven, I. 2019. Primordialising Aboriginal Australians. In: Porr, M and Matthews, J (eds.), Interrogating Human Origins. Colonialist tropes and Eurocentric views on behavioural markers of modern humans. London: Routledge. pp. 96–111. DOI: 10.4324/9780203731659-5
  108. Milks, A. 2018a. Lethal Threshold: The Evolutionary Implications of Middle Pleistocene Wooden Spears. Unpublished thesis (PhD), University College London.
  109. Milks, A. 2018b. Making an impact. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2(7): 1057–1058. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0600-9
  110. Milks, A. 2020. Ethnography of Wooden Spears. figshare. Collection. DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5085284.v1
  111. Milks, A, Champion, S, Cowper, E, Pope, M and Carr, D. 2016. Early spears as thrusting weapons: Isolating force and impact velocities in human performance trials. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10: 191–203. DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.09.005
  112. Milks, A, Parker, D and Pope, M. 2019. External ballistics of Pleistocene hand-thrown spears: experimental performance data and implications for human evolution. Scientific Reports, 9(1): 820. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37904-w
  113. Mones, A and Ojasti, J. 1986. Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Mammalian species, 264: 1–7. DOI: 10.2307/3503784
  114. Morris, J. 1964. Relationship between the British and the Tiwi in the vicinity of Port Dundas, Melville Island. Paper read to the Historical Society of the Northern Territory.
  115. Moseley, HN. 1877. On the Inhabitants of the Admiralty Islands, Etc. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 6: 379–429. DOI: 10.2307/2841093
  116. Nimuendajú, C. 1952. The Tukuna. Berkeley: University of California Press. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=sq20-001.
  117. Noetling, F. 1911. Notes on the hunting sticks (lughrana), spears (perenna), and baskets (tughbrana) of the Tasmanian Aborigines. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, read July 10, 1911, 64–98. Available from: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/16535/1/1911-Noetling-Hunting_sticks.pdf.
  118. O’Driscoll, CA and Thompson, JC. 2018. The origins and early elaboration of projectile technology. Evolutionary Anthropology, 27(1): 30–45. DOI: 10.1002/evan.21560
  119. Oakley, K, Andrews, P, Keeley, L and Clark, JD. 1977. A Reappraisal of the Clacton Spearpoint. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 43: 13–30. DOI: 10.1017/S0079497X00010343
  120. Opler, ME. 1941. An Apache Life-Way: The Economic, Social, And Religious Institutions Of The Chiricahua Indians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Available from: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=nt08-001.
  121. Orain, R, Lebreton, V, Russo Ermolli, E, Sémah, AM, et al. 2013. Hominin responses to environmental changes during the Middle Pleistocene in central and southern Italy. Climate of the Past, 9(2): 687–697. DOI: 10.5194/cp-9-687-2013
  122. Oswalt, W. 1976. An Anthropological Analysis of Food-getting Technology. New York: Wiley.
  123. Palter, JL. 1977. Design and construction of Australian spear-thrower projectiles and hand-thrown spears. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania, 12(3): 161–172. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40386294.
  124. Parfitt, SA and Roberts, MB. 1999. Human modification of faunal remains. In: Roberts, MB and Parfitt, SA (eds.), Boxgrove: A Middle Pleistocene hominid site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex. English Heritage. pp. 395–415.
  125. Pasitschniak-Arts, M. 1993. Ursus arctos. Mammalian Species, 439: 1–10. DOI: 10.2307/3504138
  126. Penny, M. 2002. The secret life of kangaroos. Austin: Raintree Steck-Vaughn.
  127. Poole, WE. 1982. Macropus giganteus. Mammalian Species, 187: 1–8. DOI: 10.2307/3504005
  128. Porr, M and Matthews, J. 2019. Interrogating Human Origins. London: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203731659
  129. Read, D. 2006. Tasmanian knowledge and skill: Maladaptive imitation or adequate technology? American Antiquity, 71(1): 164–184. DOI: 10.2307/40035327
  130. Rieder, H. 2001. Erprobung der Holzspeere von Schoeningen (400000 Jahre) und Folgerungen daraus. In: Wagner, GA and Mania, D (eds.), Fruhe Menschen in Mittel Europa: Chronologie, Kultur, Umwelt. Aachen: Shaker. pp. 91–98.
  131. Robinson, GA. 1966. Friendly mission: the Tasmanian journals and papers of George Augustus Robinson 1829–1834. Plomley, NJB (ed.). Hobart: Tasmanian Historical Society Research Association.
  132. Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A, Saladié, P, Ollé, O, Arsuaga, J-L, et al. 2017. Human predatory behavior and the social implications of communal hunting based on evidence from the TD10.2 bison bone bed at Gran Dolina (Atapuerca, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution, 105: 89–122. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.01.007
  133. Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A, Saladié, P, Ollé, O and Carbonell, E. 2015. Hominin subsistence and site function of TD10.1 bone bed level at Gran Dolina site (Atapuerca) during the late Acheulean. Journal of Quaternary Science, 30: 679–701. DOI: 10.1002/jqs.2815
  134. Roebroeks, W. 2006. The human colonisation of Europe: where are we? Journal of Quaternary Science, 21(5): 425–435. DOI: 10.1002/jqs.1044
  135. Roebroeks, W and Soressi, M. 2016. Neandertals revised. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(23): 6372–6379. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521269113
  136. Roth, HL. 1890. The aborigines of Tasmania. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co.
  137. Rubel, F and Kottek, M. 2010. Observed and projected climate shifts 1901–2100 depicted by world maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 19(2): 135–141. DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2010/0430
  138. Ryan, L. 2012. The Aboriginal Tasmanians. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.
  139. Sahle, Y, Hutchings, WK, Braun, DR, Sealy, JC, Morgan, LE, Negash, A and Atnafu, B. 2013. Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago. PLoS ONE, 8(11): e78092. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078092.s004
  140. Salem, PE and Churchill, SE. 2016. Penetration, Tissue Damage, and Lethality of Wood- Versus Lithic-Tipped Projectiles. In: Iovita, R and Sano, K (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Cham, Switz: Springer. pp. 203–212. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7602-8_14
  141. Santonja, M. 2013. Esperando el diluvio: Ambrona y Torralba hace 400.000 años. Madrid Museum Arqueologico Regional, 1–55. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/86301.
  142. Schoch, W. 2014. Holzanatomische Nachuntersuchungen an der eemzeitlichen Holzlanze von Lehringen, Ldkr. Verden. Nachrichten aus Niedersachsens Urgeschichte, 83: 19–29. Available from: https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/nnu/article/view/63040/55630.
  143. Schoch, WH, Bigga, G, Böhner, U, Richter, P, et al. 2015. New insights on the wooden weapons from the Paleolithic site of Schöningen. Journal of Human Evolution, 89(C): 214–225. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.004
  144. Scott, K. 1986. The large mammal fauna. In: Callow, P and Cornford, JM (eds.), La Cotte de St Brelade 1961–1978. Excavations by C.B.M. McBurney. Norwich: Geobooks. pp. 109–137.
  145. Serangeli, J, Van Kolfschoten, T, Starkovich, BM and Verheijen, I. 2015. The European saber-toothed cat (Homotherium latidens) found in the ‘Spear Horizon’ at Schöningen (Germany). Journal of Human Evolution, 89(C): 172–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.005
  146. Seymour, KL. 1989. Panthera onca. Mammalian Species, 340: 1–9. DOI: 10.2307/3504096
  147. Shea, JJ. 2011. Homo sapiens Is as Homo sapiens Was. Current Anthropology, 52(1): 1–35. DOI: 10.1086/658067
  148. Shea, J and Sisk, M. 2010. Complex projectile technology and Homo sapiens dispersal into western Eurasia. Paleo Anthropology, 2010: 100–122. DOI: 10.4207/PA.2010.ART36
  149. Smith, G. 2013. Taphonomic resolution and hominin subsistence behaviour in the Lower Palaeolithic: differing data scales and interpretive frameworks at Boxgrove and Swanscombe (UK). Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(10): 3754–3767. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.002
  150. Smith, TH. 1893. Maori Implements and Weapons. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 26: 423–452.
  151. Spencer, WB. 1914. Native tribes of the Northern territory of Australia. London: Macmillan and Co.
  152. Spier, L. 1933. Yuman tribes of the Gila River. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  153. Starkovich, BM and Conard, NJ. 2015. Bone taphonomy of the Schöningen ‘Spear Horizon South’ and its implications for site formation and hominin meat provisioning. Journal of Human Evolution, 89(C): 154–171. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.09.015
  154. Steward, J. 1941. Culture element distributions: XIII Nevada Shoshone. University of California Anthropological Records. Available from: http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar004-003.pdf.
  155. Stewart, JR, García-Rodríguez, O, Knul, MV, Sewell, L, et al. 2019. Palaeoecological and genetic evidence for Neanderthal power locomotion as an adaptation to a woodland environment. Quaternary Science Reviews, 217: 310–315. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.023
  156. Stewart, KM. 1947. Mohave Warfare. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 3(3): 257–278. DOI: 10.1086/soutjanth.3.3.3628779
  157. Stiner, MC, Barkai, R and Gopher, A. 2009. Cooperative hunting and meat sharing 400-200 kya at Qesem Cave, Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(32): 13207–13212. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900564106
  158. Stringer, CB, Finlayson, JC, Barton, RNE, Fernandez Jalvo, Y, et al. 2008. Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(38): 14319–14324. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805474105
  159. Swanton, JR. 1946. The Indians of the Southeastern United States. Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 137.
  160. Taylor, R. 2014. Archaeology and Aboriginal Protest: The Influence of Rhys Jones’s Tasmanian Work on Australian Historiography. Australian Historical Studies, 45(3): 331–349. DOI: 10.1080/1031461X.2014.948021
  161. Thieme, H. 1997. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature, 385: 807–810. DOI: 10.1038/385807a0
  162. Thieme, H and Veil, S. 1985. Neue Untersuchungen zum eemzeitlichen Elefanten-Jagdplatz Lehringen, Ldkr. Verden. Die Kunde, 36: 11–58.
  163. Thomson, TRH. 1850. The Bubis, or Edeeyah of Fernando Po. Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1848–1856), 2: 105–118. DOI: 10.2307/3014118
  164. Tregear, E. 1904. The Maori Race. Wanganui, NZ: A.D. Willis.
  165. Tuffreau, A, Antoine, P, Chase, PG, Dibble, HL, et al. 1995. Le gisement acheuléen de Cagny-l’Épinette (Somme). Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 92(2): 169–192. DOI: 10.3406/bspf.1995.10004
  166. Turnbull, CM. 1965. The Mbuti pygmies: an ethnographic survey. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 50(3): 1–180. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2246/233.
  167. Urban, B and Bigga, G. 2015. Environmental reconstruction and biostratigraphy of late Middle Pleistocene lakeshore deposits at Schöningen. Journal of Human Evolution, 89(C): 57–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.002
  168. Vaesen, K, Collard, M, Cosgrove, R and Roebroeks, W. 2016. Population size does not explain past changes in cultural complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(16): E2241–E2247. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520288113
  169. Van Kolfschoten, T, Buhrs, E and Verheijen, I. 2015. The larger mammal fauna from the Lower Paleolithic Schöningen Spear site and its contribution to hominin subsistence. Journal of Human Evolution, 89(C): 138–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.09.014
  170. Veil, S. 1991. Die Nachbildung der Lanze von Lehringen: Experimente zur Holzbearbeitung im Mittelpaläolithikum. Die Kunde, 41(42): 9–22.
  171. Villa, P and Lenoir, M. 2009. Hunting and Hunting Weapons of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe. In: Hublin, J-J, Richards, MP and Richards, MP (eds.), The Evolution of Hominin Diets. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 59–85. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9699-0_5
  172. Wagner, E. 1995. Grosswildjäger im Travertingebiet. Stuttgart: Theiss Verlag.
  173. Waguespack, NM, Surovell, TA, Denoyer, A, Dallow, A, et al. 2009. Making a point: wood-versus stone-tipped projectiles. Antiquity, 83(321): 786–800. DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00098999
  174. Warren, S. 1911. Proceedings: ‘First Published Report and exhibition of the specimen, May 10th, 1911’. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 67(1–4): XCIX. DOI: 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1911.067.01-04.02
  175. White, M, Pettitt, P and Schreve, D. 2016. Shoot first, ask questions later: Interpretative narratives of Neanderthal hunting. Quaternary Science Reviews, 140(C): 1–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.03.004
  176. Whittaker, JC, Pettigrew, DB and Grohsmeyer, RJ. 2017. Atlatl Dart Velocity: Accurate Measurements and Implications for Paleoindian and Archaic Archaeology. PaleoAmerica, 3(2): 161–181. DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2017.1301133
  177. Wilkins, J, Schoville, BJ, Brown, KS and Chazan, M. 2012. Evidence for early hafted hunting technology. Science, 338(6109): 942–946. DOI: 10.1126/science.1227608
  178. Wilkins, J, Schoville, BJ and Brown, KS. 2014. An Experimental Investigation of the Functional Hypothesis and Evolutionary Advantage of Stone-Tipped Spears. Petraglia, MD (ed.), PLoS ONE, 9(8): e104514. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104514
  179. Woinarski, J, Brennan, K, Hempel, C and Armstrong, M, Milne, D and Chatto, R. 2003. Biodiversity conservation on the Tiwi islands, Northern Territory. Report produced by the Natural Heritage Trust and Northern Territory Government. Available from: https://www.tiwilandcouncil.com/documents/Uploads/BiodiversityConservation_Tiwi2003_part2lr.pdf.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/oq.85 | Journal eISSN: 2055-298X
Language: English
Page range: 12 - 12
Submitted on: May 4, 2020
Accepted on: Aug 24, 2020
Published on: Sep 9, 2020
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2020 Annemieke Milks, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.