Table 1
Recurrent OCR error classes in Old Turkic editions.
| ERROR CLASS | TYPICAL EDITORIAL FORMS | TYPICAL OCR OUTPUT | LINGUISTIC IMPACT |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diacritic loss | ⟨ä⟩ ⟨ï⟩ ⟨ö⟩ ⟨ü⟩ ⟨ḳ⟩ ⟨ġ⟩ ⟨č⟩ ⟨š⟩ | a, i, o, u, k, g, c, s | Loss of phonological contrast |
| Velar/uvular fricatives | ⟨γ⟩ ⟨ġ⟩ ⟨ğ⟩ | g, y, ∅ | Merger of grammatical forms |
| Velar nasal | ⟨ŋ⟩ ⟨ng⟩ ⟨ñ⟩ | n, g, y | Morphological ambiguity |
| Palato-alveolars | ⟨č⟩/⟨ç⟩, ⟨š⟩/⟨ş⟩ | c, s | Lexical collapse |
| Hyphenation drift | ⟨arïg-lar⟩ | ariglar/arig-lar | Tokenisation errors |
| Editorial sigla | ⟨†⟩ ⟨‹…›⟩ ⟨[ ]⟩ | lost/substituted | Structural noise |
Table 2
Variant forms and canonical representation.
| VARIANT FORMS | CANONICAL FORM | FUNCTION |
|---|---|---|
| ⟨š⟩ ⟨ş⟩ ⟨s⟩ (OCR) | ⟨š⟩ | Palatal fricative |
| ⟨č⟩ ⟨ç⟩ ⟨c⟩ (OCR) | ⟨č⟩ | Palatal affricate |
| ⟨γ⟩ ⟨ġ⟩ ⟨ğ⟩ ⟨g⟩ (fricative) | ⟨γ⟩ | Velar/uvular fricative |
| ⟨g⟩ ⟨ġ⟩ (stop) | ⟨g⟩ | Voiced velar stop |
| ⟨ŋ⟩ ⟨ng⟩ ⟨n⟩ (OCR) | ⟨ŋ⟩ | Velar nasal |
| ⟨ñ⟩ (in some editorial traditions) | ⟨ŋ⟩ | Velar nasal |
| ⟨e⟩ (German) ⟨é⟩ (Turkish) | ⟨e⟩ | Closed front vowel |
| ⟨ä⟩ (German) ⟨e⟩ (Turkish) | ⟨ä⟩ | Open front vowel |