Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Building the Parsed Corpus of Scottish Correspondence Cover

Building the Parsed Corpus of Scottish Correspondence

By:   
Open Access
|Sep 2026

References

  1. Aitken, A. J. (1985). A history of Scots. In M. Robinson (Ed.), The concise Scots dictionary (pp. ix–xvi). Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
  2. Beck, J., Ecay, A., & Ingason, A. K. (2011). Annotald, version 1.3.10. https://annotald.github.io
  3. Björnsdóttir, S., Gotthard, L., & Walkden, G. (In press). Lexical learning and language change: Raising in English from the perspective of acquisition and diachrony. English Language and Linguistics. Preprint
  4. Booth, H., Breitbarth, A., Ecay, A., & Farasyn, M. (2020). A Penn-style treebank of Middle Low German. In N. Calzolari, F. Béchet, P. Blache, K. Choukri, C. Cieri, T. Declerck, S. Goggi, H. Isahara, B. Maegaard, J. Mariani, H. Mazo, A. Moreno, J. Odijk, & S. Piperidis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2020) (pp. 766–775). Marseille: ELRA. https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.96/
  5. CLUL. (Ed.) (2014). P.S. Post Scriptum. Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna. https://ps.clul.ul.pt
  6. Dossena, M. (2013). Ego documents in Scottish corpora: The contribution of nineteenth-century letters and diaries to the study of language history. In W. Anderson (Ed.), Language in Scotland: Corpus-based studies (pp. 91–111). Amsterdam: Rodopi. 10.1163/9789401209748_008
  7. Frellesvig, B., Horn, S. W., et al. (Eds.) (2026). Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese. https://oncoj.ninjal.ac.jp/
  8. Galves, C., & Britto, H. (2002). The Tycho Brahe Corpus of Historical Portuguese. Department of Linguistics, University of Campinas. Online publication, first edition. https://www.tycho.iel.unicamp.br/corpus/
  9. Görlach, M. (2002). A Textual History of Scots. Heidelberg: Winter.
  10. Gotthard, L. (2022). Syntactic change during the anglicisation of Scots: Insights from the Parsed Corpus of Scottish Correspondence. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Edinburgh.]
  11. Gotthard, L. (2024a). The Parsed Corpus of Scottish Correspondence, source [data set]. Kielipankki. https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:lb-2024070601
  12. Gotthard, L. (2024b). Subject-verb agreement and the rise of do-support during the period of anglicisation of Scots. In L. Caon, M. Gordon, & T. Porck (Eds.), Keys to the History of English: Diachronic Linguistic Change, Morpho-Syntax and Lexicography (pp. 53–79). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.363.03got
  13. Gotthard, L. (2024c, June). What are the Scots doing? – The rise of verbal -ing in Scots [Conference presentation]. The 25th Diachronic Generative Syntax Conference (DiGS 25). Universität Mannheim. Slides
  14. Gotthard, L. (2026). The rise of Scots do – transfer or innovation? English Language and Linguistics, 30(1), 1–31. 10.1017/S1360674324000522
  15. Gotthard, L. (In press). Shifting standards? Insights from women’s writing in the Parsed Corpus of Scottish Correspondence. In C. Elsweiler & S. van Eyndhoven (Eds.), Interactions with the Standard. Language Science Press. Preprint
  16. Gotthard, L., & Wallenberg, J.C. (2023, July). Three-way grammar competition during the Scots anglicisation: Insights from the Parsed Corpus of Scottish Correspondence [Conference presentation]. The 24th Diachronic Generative Syntax Conference (DiGS 24). Université Paris Cité. Slides
  17. Kopaczyk, J. (2013). Rethinking the traditional periodisation of the Scots language. In R. M. Millar & J. Cruickshank (Eds.), After the storm: Papers from the Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ulster (pp. 233–260). University of Aberdeen. www.abdn.ac.uk/sll/documents/Kopaczyk-Rethinking-the-traditional-periodisation.pdf
  18. Kroch, A. (2020). Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English, LDC2020T16. Web download. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2020T16
  19. Kroch, A., & Santorini, B. (2021). Penn-BFM Parsed Corpus of Historical French, version 1.0. University of Pennsylvania. https://github.com/beatrice57/mcvf-plus-ppchf
  20. Macafee, C., & Aitken, A.J. (2002). A history of Scots to 1700. www.dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots
  21. McClure, J. D. (1994). English in Scotland. In R. Burchfield (Ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. 5: English in Britain and overseas: Origins and development (pp. 21–93). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CHOL9780521264785.003
  22. Meurman-Solin, A., & VARIENG. (2017). Helsinki Corpus of Scottish Correspondence (1540–1750) [text corpus]. FIN-CLARIN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:lb-201411071
  23. Millar, R. M. (2020). A sociolinguistic history of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 10.1515/9781474448567
  24. Millar, R. M. (2023). A history of the Scots language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780198863991.001.0001
  25. Murison, D. D. (1979). The historical background. In A.J. Aitken & T. MacArthur (Eds.), Languages of Scotland (pp. 2–13). Edinburgh: Chambers.
  26. Nevalainen, T., & Raumolin-Brunberg, H. (eds.) (1996). Sociolinguistics and language history. Studies based on the Corpus of Early English Correspondence. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 10.1163/9789004653030
  27. Palander-Collin, M. (2010). Correspondence. In A. H. Jucker & I. Taavitsainen (Eds.), Historical Pragmatics (pp. 651–678). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110214284.7.651
  28. Pintzuk, S., & Plug, L. (2002). The York-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Poetry. Department of Linguistics, University of York. Oxford Text Archive, first edition. https://www-users.york.ac.uk/~lang18/pcorpus.html
  29. Randall, B. (2010). CorpusSearch (Version 2.003.00) [Computer Software]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. https://corpussearch.sourceforge.net
  30. Randall, B., Kroch, A., & Santorini, B. (2004–present). CorpusSearch 2 users guide. https://github.com/beatrice57/CorpusSearch
  31. Rutten, G. & van der Wal, M. J. (2014). Letters as Loot: A sociolinguistic approach to seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Dutch. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/ahs.2
  32. Rögnvaldsson, E., Ingason, A.K., & Sigurðsson, E. F. (2011). Coping with Variation in the Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC). In J.B. Johannessen (Ed.), Language Variation Infrastructure. Papers on selected projects (pp. 97–111). Oslo: University of Oslo. 10.5617/osla.104
  33. Rögnvaldsson, E., Ingason, A.K., Sigurðsson, E.F, & Wallenberg, J. (2012). The Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC). In N. Calzolari, K. Choukri, T. Declerck, M. U. Doğan, B. Maegaard, J. Mariani, A. Moreno, J. Odijk, & S. Piperidis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’12) (pp. 1977–1984). Istanbul: European Language Resources Association. https://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/440_Paper.pdf
  34. Santorini, B. (2021). Penn Parsed Corpus of Historical Yiddish, v1.0. https://github.com/beatrice57/penn-parsed-corpus-of-historical-yiddish
  35. Santorini, B. (2022-present). Annotation manual for the Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English. https://github.com/beatrice57/annotation-guidelines-for-ppche
  36. Sapp, C. D., Evans, E., Sprouse, R., & Dakota, D. (2024). Introducing a parsed corpus of historical High German. In N. Calzolari, M.-Y. Kan, V. Hoste, A. Lenci, S. Sakti, & N. Xue (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024) (pp. 9224–9233). Torino: ELRA and ICCL. https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.807/
  37. Smith, J. J. (2012). Older Scots: A linguistic reader. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
  38. Taylor, A. (2020). Treebanks in historical syntax. Annual Review of Linguistics, 6, 195–212. 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030515
  39. Taylor, A., Warner, A., Pintzuk, S., & Beths, F. (2003). The York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE). Department of Linguistics, University of York. Oxford Text Archive, first edition. https://penn-historical-corpora.uni-mannheim.de/ycoe/YCOEHomepage.html
  40. Taylor, A., Nurmi, A., Warner, A., Pintzuk, S., & Nevalainen, T. (2006). The York-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence (PCEEC). Department of Linguistics, University of York. Oxford Text Archive, first edition. https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/2510
  41. Trips, C., & Percillier, M. (2020). Lemmatising verbs in Middle English corpora: The benefit of enriching the Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English 2 (PPCME2), the Parsed Corpus of Middle English Poetry (PCMEP), and A Parsed Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (PLAEME). In N. Calzolari, F. Béchet, P. Blache, K. Choukri, C. Cieri, T. Declerck, S. Goggi, H. Isahara, B. Maegaard, J. Mariani, H. Mazo, A. Moreno, J. Odijk, & S. Piperidis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (pp. 7170–7178). Marseille: European Language Resources Association. https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.886/
  42. Truswell, R., Alcorn, R., Donaldson, J., & Wallenberg, J. (2018). A Parsed Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1250–1325 [dataset]. 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430531.003.0002
  43. Truswell, R., Alcorn, R., Donaldson, J., & Wallenberg, J. (2019). A Parsed Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English. In R. Alcorn, B. Los, J. Kopaczyk, & B. Molineaux (Eds.), Historical dialectology in the digital age (pp. 19–37). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430531.003.0002
  44. van der Wal, M. J., & Rutten, G. (Eds.) (2013). Touching the past: Studies in the historical sociolinguistics of ego-documents. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/ahs.1
  45. van Eyndhoven, S. (2023). ‘Ane end of an auld song?’: macro and micro perspectives on written Scots in correspondence during the Union of the Parliaments Debates. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Edinburgh.]
  46. Walkden, G. (2015). HeliPaD: the Heliand Parsed Database. Version 0.9. https://www.chlg.ac.uk/helipad/
  47. Walkden, G. (2016). The HeliPaD: a parsed corpus of Old Saxon. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 21, 643–674. 10.1075/ijcl.21.4.05wal
  48. Wallenberg, J., Ingason, A. K., Sigurðsson, E. F., & Rögnvaldsson, E. (2011). Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC). Department of Linguistics, University of Iceland. Online publication, version 0.9. https://clarin.is/en/resources/icepahc/
  49. Williamson, K. (2024). A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots 1380–1500 (Version 2.0, redesigned by V. Karaiskos). Edinburgh: The Angus McIntosh Centre for Historical Linguistics. https://amc.ppls.ed.ac.uk/laos/
  50. Zimmerman, R. (2015). The parsed corpus of Middle English poetry. https://pcmep.net/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.622 | Journal eISSN: 2059-481X
Language: English
Page range: 125 - 125
Submitted on: Jul 17, 2026
Accepted on: Aug 31, 2026
Published on: Sep 22, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Lisa Gotthard, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.