Building a Treebank for the Book of Ezra in the Old Georgian Oshki Bible
By: Chia-Wei Lin and Diego Luinetti
References
- Abuladze, I. (1973). ʒveli kartuli enis leḳsikoni [Dictionary of Old Georgian Language]. Tbilisi: Mecniereba.
- Adelani, D. I., Ojo, J., Azime, I. A., Zhuang, J. Y., Alabi, J. O., He, X. …, Stenetorp, P. (2025). IrokoBench: A New Benchmark for African Languages in the Age of Large Language Models. arXiv. 10.48550/arXiv.2406.03368
- Aleksidze, N. (2018).
Versions of Georgian Bibles . In O. Nicholson (Ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. Retrieved fromhttps://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-738 - Berikashvili, S. & Lobzhanidze, I. (2022).
Merged functionality of Absolutive and Nominative in Georgian . In Issues in Kartvelian Studies (pp. 121–149). Vernon Publishing. - Boeder, W. (1995).
Suffixaufnahme in Kartvelian . In F. Plank (Ed.), Double Case: Agreement by Suffixaufnahme (pp. 151–215). Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780195087758.003.0004 - Boeder, W. (2005). The South Caucasian languages. Lingua, 5–89. 10.1016/j.lingua.2003.06.002
- Cole, P., Harbert, W., Hermon, G., & Sridhar, S. N. (1980). The acquisition of subjecthood. Language 56(4), 719–743. 10.2307/413485
- Doborjginidze, N., & Lobzhanidze, I. (2009–2016). The Georgian Language Corpus. Retrieved from
https://oldcorpora.iliauni.edu.ge - Doyle, A., & McCrae, J. P. (2025). Development of Old Irish Lexical Resources, and Two Universal Dependencies Treebanks for Diplomatically Edited Old Irish Text. In M. Hämäläinen, E. Öhman, Y. Bizzoni, S. Miyagawa, & K. Alnajjar (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Natural Language Processing for Digital Humanities (pp. 393–402).
Association for Computational Linguistics . 10.18653/v1/2025.nlp4dh-1.34 - Eckhoff, H., Bech, K., Bouma, G., Eide, K., Haug, D., Haugen, O. E., & Jøhndal, M. (2018). The PROIEL treebank family: a standard for early attestations of Indo-European languages. Language Resources and Evaluation, 52(1), 29–65. 10.1007/s10579-017-9388-5
- Fähnrich, H. (2012). Die georgische Sprache. Brill. 10.1163/9789004219373
- Fähnrich, H., & Sardshweladse, S. (2005). Altgeorgisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch. Brill. 10.1163/9789047415244
- Gippert, J. (1996–2026). TITUS: Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien. Retrieved from
https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de - Gippert, J., Meurer, P., & Tandashvili, M. (2011–2026). The Georgian National Corpus. Retrieved from
https://gnc.gov.ge/ - Hardie, A., & Daraselia, S. (2026). A theory for words in Georgian: traditional constructs versus corpus annotation. 22(1), 115–138. 10.1515/cllt-2023-0107
- Hellwig, O., Scarlata, S., Ackermann, E., & Widmer, P. (2020). The Treebank of Vedic Sanskrit. In N. Calzolari et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (pp. 5137–5146).
European Language Resources Association . Retrieved fromhttps://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.632/ - Hewitt, G. (1995). Gerogian: A Structural Reference Grammar. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/loall.2
- Imnaishvili, I. (1957). sakhelta bruneba da brunvata punktsiebi ʒvel kartulshi [Noun declension and functions of case in Old Georgian]. Tbilisi State University Press.
- Imnaishvili, I., & Imnaishvili, V. (1996). zmna ʒvel kartulshi [Verb in Old Georgian]. Frankfurt am Main.
- Kharanauli, A. (2012). Questions about the Origin of the Translation of the Georgian Bible. The Kartvelologist, 18, 101–128. Retrieved from
https://kartvelologi.tsu.ge/public/en/arqive/3/5 - Lobzhanidze, I. (2022). Finite-State Computational Morphology: An Analyzer and Generator for Georgian. Springer. 10.1007/978-3-030-90248-3
- Lobzhanidze, I., Magradze, E., Berikashvili, S., Gozalishvili, A., & Jalaghonia, T. (2026).
Syntactic annotation of georgian based on the universal dependencies framework . In L. Hogeweg, R. Jalali, I. Sedlár, & L. Schwarz (Eds.), Logic, language, and computation (pp. 102–121). Springer Nature Switzerland. 10.1007/978-3-032-14339-6_6 - Maheshwari, A., Sharma, K., Patel, V., & Maheshwari, A. (2026). IndicParam: Benchmark to evaluate LLMs on low-resource Indic Languages. arXiv. 10.48550/arXiv.2512.00333
- Ojo, J., Ogundepo, O., Oladipo, A., Ogueji, K., Lin, J., Stenetorp, P., & Adelani, D. I. (2025). AfroBench: How Good are Large Language Models on African Languages? arXiv. 10.48550/arXiv.2311.07978
- Plank, F. (Ed.). (1995). Double Case: Agreement by Suffixaufnahme. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780195087758.001.0001
- Sarjveladze, Z. (1997). ʒveli kartuli ena [Old Georgian language]. Tbilisi Pedagogical University Press.
- Schanidse, A. (1982). Grammatik der altgeorgischen Sprache (H. Fähnrich, Trans.). Buske.
- Shanidze, A. (1980). kartuli enis gramaṭiḳis sapuʒvlebi [Fundamentals of the grammar of the Georgian Language]. Tbilisi University Press.
- Tschenkeli, S. (1956).
sakutar saxelta bruneba oškuri xelnac̣eris mepeta c̣ignebši [To the inflection of proper nouns in the book of Kings accroding to the Oshkhi Manuscript] . In V. Topuria (Ed.), sakutar saxelta bruneba oškuri xelnac̣eris mepeta c̣ignebši [To the history of declension in Kartvelian languages] (pp. 76–128). Tbilisi State University. - Tuite, K. (2004).
Early Georgian . In R. D. Woodword (Ed.), The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor (pp. 949–969). Cambridge University Press. - Vogt, H. (1968). brunvata sisṭema ʒvel kartulši [Case system in Old Georgian]. Reviewer, 251–284.
- Yasuoka, K., Wittern, C., Morioka, T., Ikeda, T., Yamazaki, N., Nikaido, Y., & Fujita, K. (2022). 古典中国語（漢文）universal dependenciesとその応用. 情報処理学会論文誌, 63(2), 355–363.
- Zeldes, A., & Abrams, M. (2018).
The Coptic Universal Dependency Treebank . In M.-C. de Marneffe, T. Lynn, & S. Schuster (Eds.), Proceedings of the second workshop on universal dependencies (UDW 2018) (pp. 192–201). Association for Computational Linguistics. 10.18653/v1/W18-6022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.559 | Journal eISSN: 2059-481X
Language: English
Page range: 98 - 98
Submitted on: Apr 10, 2026
Accepted on: Jun 26, 2026
Published on: Jul 22, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2026 Chia-Wei Lin, Diego Luinetti, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.