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Building a Treebank for the Book of Ezra in the Old Georgian Oshki Bible Cover

Building a Treebank for the Book of Ezra in the Old Georgian Oshki Bible

Journal of Open Humanities Data
Volume 12 (2026): Issue 1
By:  and    
Open Access
|Jul 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Old Georgian treebank annotation workflow.

Figure 2

Old Georgian verbal chain.

Table 1

Old Georgian screeves.

INDICATIVENON-INDICATIVE
PRESENTPAST
Series IPresentImperfectSubjunctive I
Present IterativeImperfect IterativeImperative I
Series IIAoristSubjunctive II
Aorist IterativeMixed Subjunctive
Mixed IterativeImperative II
Series IIIPerfectPluperfectSubjunctive III
Perfect Iterative
Table 2

Screeves correspondences.

SCREEVEXPOSFEATS
PresentPresMood=Ind|Tense=Pres
Present IterativeIter1Aspect=Iter|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres
ImperfectImpMood=Ind|Tense=Imp
Imperfect IterativeImpIterAspect=Iter|Mood=Ind|Tense=Imp
Subjunctive IPres_SubjMood=Subj|Tense=Pres
Imperative IPres_ImpMood=Imp|Tense=Pres
AoristAorMood=Ind|Tense=Past
Aorist IterativeIter2Aspect=Iter|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past
Subjunctive IIAor_SubjMood=Subj|Tense=Past
Mixed SubjunctiveSubjMAspect=Imp|Mood=Subj|Tense=Past
Imperative IIAor_ImpMood=Imp|Tense=Past
PerfectPerfMood=Ind|Tense=Pf
Perfect IterativeIter3Aspect=Iter|Mood=Ind|Tense=Perf
PluperfectPlupMood=Ind|Tense=Pqp
Subjunctive IIIPerf_SubjMood=Subj|Tense=Perf
Table 3

Version vowel annotation.

EXAMPLEVERSIONXPOSTRANSLATION
აკურთხევდეს aḳurtxevdes (1Ezra 3:11)ა aV_Act_Imp_AV_S:3Pl‘they blessed’
დაიდვა daidva (1Ezra 3:11)ი iV_Pass_Aor_IV_S:3Sg‘they put’
მიუგო miugo (1Ezra 10:2)უ uV_Act_Aor_Pv_UV_S:3Sg_IO:3Sg‘he answered’
ესხა esxa (1Ezra 10:2)ე eV_Act_Aor_EV_S:3Sg_IO:3Sg‘they had’
Table 4

LLM trained model evaluation.

ACCURACYCLAUDEGEMINI
Lemmas96.7195.36
UPOS97.3796.69
XPOS84.0963.92
FEATS89.8180.73
UAS88.5681.50
LAS85.6778.06
Table 5

UDPipe model evaluation in R.

ACCURACY
Lemmas77.24
UPOS74.2
XPOS60.7
FEATS33.38
UAS38.54
LAS31.87
Table 6

UDPipe model evaluation in Python.

ACCURACY
Lemmas81.82
UPOS85.42
XPOS64.73
FEATS63.64
UAS66.14
LAS54.3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.559 | Journal eISSN: 2059-481X
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 98 - 98
Submitted on: Apr 10, 2026
Accepted on: Jun 26, 2026
Published on: Jul 22, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Old Georgian,
treebank,
Universal Dependencies,
Bible translations,
LLMs

© 2026 Chia-Wei Lin, Diego Luinetti, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 12 (2026): Issue 1
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