Making Sense of Italian Legacy Resources: Integrating ItalWordNet and PAROLE-SIMPLE-CLIPS for Sense Annotation

UPOS	TOTAL TOKENS	UNIQUE LEMMAS	ANNOTATED TOKENS	COVERAGE (%)	SENSE INV. TOKENS	SENSE INV. (COV. %)
NOUN	8,058	2,556	7,906	98.11	7,076	87.81
VERB	3,107	758	3,094	99.58	2,893	93.11
ADJ	3,275	975	3,167	96.70	1,467	44.79
ADV	1,471	241	1,418	96.40	0	0.00
PROPN	2,485	1,652	–	–	–	–
other UPOS	20,640	569	–	–	–	–
Total	39,036	6,379	15,585	97.95	11,436	71.87⁴

Table 2

MWE statistics and Sense Annotation Coverage.

	TOTAL OCCURRENCES	UNIQUE MWES	ANNOTATED OCCURRENCES	COVERAGE (%)	SENSE INV MWES	SENSE INV. (COV. %)
MWE	281	197	229	81.49	8	2.85

Table 3

Distribution of Sense Sources Across Content Word Tokens.

UPOS	SENSE INVENTORY		BABELNET		ANNOTATOR (LEXLI:)		TOTAL
UPOS	COUNT	%	COUNT	%	COUNT	%	TOTAL
NOUN	7,076	89.50	676	8.55	154	1.95	7,906
VERB	2,893	93.50	133	4.30	68	2.20	3,094
ADJ	1,467	46.32	907	28.64	793	25.04	3,167
ADV	0	0.00	781	55.08	637	44.92	1,418
Total	11,436	72.32	2,497	15.79	1,652	10.45	15,814

Table 4

Distribution of Sense Sources Across Content Word Lemmas.

UPOS	SENSE INVENTORY		BABELNET		ANNOTATOR (LEXLI:)		TOTAL
UPOS	COUNT	%	COUNT	%	COUNT	%	TOTAL
NOUN	2,138	86.56	487	19.72	96	3.89	2,470
VERB	713	94.44	84	11.13	28	3.71	755
ADJ	418	45.19	449	48.54	144	15.57	925
ADV	0	0.00	204	87.93	46	19.83	232
Total	3,269	77.10	1,224	28.87	314	7.41	4,240

Table 5

Distribution of distinct senses across sources.

SOURCE	SENSE INVENTORY		CORPUS ANNOTATIONS
SOURCE	COUNT	%	COUNT	%
Sense inventory	10,959	97.27	4,750	75.00
BabelNet	–	–	1,282	20.24
New senses (lexli:)	307	2.73	301	4.75
Total	11,266	100.00	6,333	100.00

Table 6

Distribution of Sense Sources Across MWEs.

LEVEL	SENSE INVENTORY		BABELNET		ANNOTATOR (LEXLI:)		TOTAL
LEVEL	COUNT	%	COUNT	%	COUNT	%	TOTAL
MWE tokens	8	3.49	143	62.45	78	34.06	229
MWE types	5	2.86	121	69.14	51	29.14	175

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.532 | Journal eISSN: 2059-481X

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Language: English

Page range: 123 - 123

Submitted on: Mar 15, 2026

Accepted on: Jun 30, 2026

Published on: Sep 22, 2026

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

sense-level annotation,

semantically annotated corpus,

word sense disambiguation data,

sense inventory,

Italian language

© 2026 Valeria Quochi, Francesca Frontini, Monica Monachini, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 12 (2026): Issue 1