(1) Context and motivation
Over the past two decades, the communities of Wikipedia and Wikimedia have actively engaged cultural institutions (often referred to as GLAM, an acronym for galleries, libraries, archives and museums) in opening their collections and making them available online through open licenses and tools.2 In general, Wikimedia communities have collaborated with cultural institutions by uploading public domain content, establishing partnerships with specialists known as Wikimedians in Residence, and organising training programs and public events (Bertacchini & Morando, 2013; Kapsalis, 2016; Stinson et al., 2018).
Over the years, this approach has enabled major institutions to open their collections, upload large volumes of digital files, and learn how to contribute directly to Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects. In some cases, these collaborations have lasted for many years, enabling the development of systematic content monitoring and the evaluation of the impact of these partnerships, commonly referred to as GLAM Wiki partnerships.
However, a model primarily focused on large uploads and one-to-one collaborations has inherent limitations. The financial and human resources available often do not permit a dedicated collaborator to be assigned to each institution, which can naturally favour well-known organisations with extensive digitised collections and online catalogues. As a result, a system based on individual collaborations and the involvement of Wikimedians in Residence may not be fully inclusive. It cannot guarantee that all institutions benefit equally from engagement with Wikimedia projects, and it is challenging to reach the more than 100,000 museums worldwide – not to mention the even larger number of libraries and archives – to invite them to be part of an open knowledge ecosystem.
(1.1) Empowering Italian GLAMs
The Empowering Italian GLAMs project3 was conceived to develop a scalable workflow that would enable cultural institutions worldwide to adopt an open access policy and collaborate effectively with Wikipedia and the broader Wikimedia ecosystem.
The open access policy (Pensa & De Angelis, 2022) is a formal document through which an institution declares its commitment to making its data and content accessible, emphasising the importance of community engagement and shared stewardship of cultural heritage. In the specific case of Italy — where cultural heritage legislation restricts the public domain (Codice Urbani, 2024) and the country lacks freedom of panorama (the possibility to share freely, also for commercial purposes, photographs of copyrighted works of art and architecture located in public view) — the policy also includes the necessary authorizations for the commercial reuse of shared materials.
The decision to frame this document explicitly as an “open access policy” also reflects the growing international trend among major cultural institutions, such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York,4 to formally adopt open access frameworks. By possessing and publishing such a document, institutions participating in the project can clearly and publicly affirm their adherence to open access principles.
Collaboration with Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects entails uploading institutional content and data to Wikimedia platforms. Traditionally, uploads within Wikimedia initiatives have focused on digital reproductions in the public domain. In contrast, the Empowering Italian GLAMs project broadened this scope to include any material relevant to Wikimedia projects — such as photographs, educational resources, architectural plans, publications, and texts — provided that it is released under open licenses and made accessible in open and standard formats. This attention to a variety of materials — which may require different types of authorizations, can be released under open licenses, or are not covered by copyright — is particularly important in Italy and in other countries with restrictive administrative regulations; it allows institutions that cannot release digital reproductions of public domain works for commercial use to still collaborate with Wikimedia projects by making other types of materials available.
Moreover, the project encouraged participating institutions to begin their engagement with modest contributions, such as uploading approximately twenty images depicting the interior and exterior of the institution or selected items from their collections. This approach also allows small museums without already digitised collections to participate meaningfully, while providing a low-threshold opportunity for institutions to test the Wikimedia upload process on a limited set of files.
(1.1.1) Involving all GLAMs: The method
The Empowering Italian GLAMs approach is structured in five main phases:
1. Data on Wikidata (the focus of this article)
This phase involves improving and curating data on cultural institutions in Wikidata. The Wikidata items are enriched through the integration of national data and research data; missing information is manually retrieved, inaccuracies and duplicates are reviewed and corrected, and an identifier is added to enable the monitoring of activated GLAM Wiki collaborations.
For a project aimed at strengthening GLAM Wiki collaborations, using Wikidata as a repository enhances interoperability with Wikimedia projects and supports the project’s activities. Museum-related data on Wikidata are particularly valuable, as they can be linked to Wikipedia articles and Wikimedia Commons categories. Furthermore, the direct use of these data within GLAM Wiki initiatives reinforces their relevance and reduces the risk of deletion. Uploading data to Wikidata also enhances the accessibility and interoperability of structured information about cultural institutions, facilitating reuse within Wikimedia projects and in external applications and research projects.
2. Contacts
A database of GLAMs contact information is created, including, where available, the names of institutional contact persons. In the case of Empowering Italian GLAMs, the open-source database CiviCRM,5 managed by Wikimedia Italia, was used to collect contacts and manage communication workflows.
3. Communication
Once the institutional data is consolidated, each organisation is contacted. In Italy, this phase focused specifically on museums and was conducted regionally, in collaboration with ICOM Italia, the Italian National Committee of the International Council of Museums. ICOM’s involvement proved crucial in mobilising museums and leveraging existing communication channels — such as newsletters, training events, and professional networks — to promote participation. It is necessary to contact the institutions multiple times and manage callback requests to support them throughout the process of opening their data.6
4. Support
Institutions interested in contributing were provided with multiple forms of support, including dedicated training sessions, a MOOC, model templates for open access policies and authorisations, tailored consultations by Creative Commons Italia for specific legal cases, and a review of the content intended for Wikimedia upload. The project also developed an online form that allows institutions to upload authorisations, submit images and captions, improve their Wikidata items, and be automatically recontacted; although this form is documented and translated, it is not currently maintained or in active use.7
5. Documentation and case studies
In collaboration with researchers and universities, the project produced five case studies analysing institutional data and open access practices through the framework of an institutional data management plan.8 The case studies examined the documentation produced and collected by five institutions (the Museo Egizio, Museo Civico di Modena, Musei Civici di Reggio Emilia, Museo Internazionale delle Marionette Antonio Pasqualino and the Ecomuseo delle Grigne, which includes the Museo delle Grigne and the Pietro Pensa Archive, managed by the Associazione Amici del Museo delle Grigne). Based on access to this documentation and a series of interviews, the analysis assessed the current state of content accessibility and offered recommendations to enhance openness. The studies, involving institutions already active in content sharing, revealed a strong commitment to improving accessibility. They also identified challenges in adopting open licenses — such as limited knowledge of licensing options, the absence of content-clearing procedures, and organisational practices that do not permit rights transfer or sublicensing — as well as limited use of free/open-source software and open science practices in institutional research workflows.9
The project also developed a questionnaire on open access10 and extensive documentation for each project phase, which were published on Meta-Wiki11 and the Open Science Framework (OSF).12
(2) Dataset description
Between 2022 and 2024, the Empowering Italian GLAMs project produced a comprehensive dataset of Italian museums on Wikidata. For this article, the dataset was exported from Wikidata in October 2025 and deposited on the Open Science Framework (OSF) as a frozen version, assigned a DOI for permanent reference and citation.
Repository location
Repository name
OSF Open Science Framework.
Object name
Dataset of Italian museums on Wikidata (uploads 2022–2023; data 2025)
Format names and versions
JSON
Creation dates
Extract Wikidata export date: 2025-10-10; creation date range: 2022-03-12–2024-12-06
Dataset creators:
Federico Benvenuti, Wikimedia Italia
Guido Baratta, Wikimedia Italia
Sarah Orlandi, ICOM Italia
Cristina Dal Min, Wikimedia Italia
Dario Crespi, Wikimedia Italia
Marco Chemello, Wikimedia Italia
Iolanda Pensa, SUPSI/Wikimedia Italia
Language
English
License
CC0
Publication date
2025-11-12
(3) Method
The dataset of Italian museums developed within the Empowering Italian GLAMs project was created between 2022 and 2023, generating 1,304 new Wikidata items and enhancing more than 6,800 existing ones.13
The workflow was structured as follows:
1. Verification of existing data
An initial assessment was conducted to identify the existing Wikidata items related to Italian museums and compare them with data from the Italian national statistical surveys conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT, Istituto Nazionale di Statistica).
2. Integration of national data
Data from the Italian national statistical surveys conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT, Istituto Nazionale di Statistica) for the years 2011, 2015, and 2017–2021 were uploaded to Wikidata under a CC0 license, with explicit source references. The information included: address, website, number of visitors, employees and volunteers, digitised collections, Wi-Fi availability, accessibility for people with disabilities, free admission, number of exhibited objects, exhibition area, and the presence of facilities such as parking, cloakrooms, cafés, bookshops, archives, libraries, restoration laboratories, and photo archives.14
3. Regional verification and manual review
A region-by-region verification was performed, involving manual data review in collaboration with ICOM Italia, the Italian National Committee of the International Council of Museums.
4. Contact information
The contact information for the institutions identified on Wikidata was collected from Wikidata or manually and entered into the Wikimedia Italia CiviCRM database, along with the name of the designated contact person, to facilitate and manage communications.
5. Institutional engagement
All museums were contacted and invited to adopt an open access policy and to collaborate with Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects.
6. Institutional data contribution
Museums were given the option to enter their information into Wikidata through an online form manually, or to update and complete their existing records directly. Authorisation was obtained to manage the data and release it under a CC0 license, in compliance with GDPR privacy regulations (Pensa et al., 2022).
7. Inclusion of GLAM Wiki collaboration data
Additional information was added to Wikidata concerning GLAM Wiki activities, indicated through property P6104 (maintained by WikiProject, with links to the related documentation on Meta-Wiki, Wikipedia, or Wikimedia Commons).15 Participation in the Empowering Italian GLAMs project — confirmed through a signed letter of endorsement or an open access policy and authorisation stored on Wikimedia Italia servers — was recorded using property P1344 (participant in).16
8. Publication on Wikipedia
The curated data were published in a tabular format on the Italian-language Wikipedia, allowing volunteers to view and revise the information easily. The tables display the presence of images and image categories, related Wikipedia articles, and geographic coordinates, enabling simpler contributions and the engagement of local volunteers through Wikimedia regional coordinators.17
9. Photographic campaign and community engagement
The 2024 edition of the Wiki Loves Monuments photography contest was dedicated to places of culture — including museums, archives, libraries, theatres, and GLAMs in general — thereby reinforcing community participation in documenting Italian cultural heritage and contributing to Empowering Italian GLAMs. In 2024, the Italian edition of Wiki Loves Monuments was strategically refocused on cultural institutions. For the first time, Italian GLAMs were systematically included in both the contest and in the associated mobile application and dashboard.18 The inclusion of GLAMs19 actively encouraged participants to document and improve visual representations of a wide range of cultural institutions, including museums, libraries, archives, theatres, and historical baths, thereby strengthening the visual documentation of Italy’s cultural heritage within the Wikimedia ecosystem. The number of monuments included in the contest increased from 85,821 to 98,378. A total of 41,914 photographs were submitted, of which 3,145 (approximately 8%) were subsequently reused to enrich other Wikimedia projects, particularly Wikipedia articles.20
10. Data visualisation
The museum data are available in both the standard Wikidata visualisations and in dedicated cultural heritage dashboards developed by Wikimedia Italia. These include the Wiki Loves Monuments dashboard21 (displaying aggregated information on museums and available media on Wikimedia Commons), and the Wiki Loves Monuments web app22 (which enables contributors to locate institutions and heritage sites that lack photographic documentation on Wikimedia Commons or have limited coverage).
A similar data curation process was subsequently conducted for Italian libraries, archives, theatres, and universities, following the same methodological framework applied to museums.23
(4) Results and discussion
Between 2022 and 2024, the Empowering Italian GLAMs project improved 6,810 Wikidata items related to museums — currently the most comprehensive repository of Italian museums — contacted 4,344 Italian museums, engaged 304 of them, and activated 86 that completed the full workflow. For comparison, Wikimedia Italia had previously engaged an average of no more than ten institutions per year in GLAM-related activities. The project also collected 140 surveys on open access and produced five fully documented case studies.24
The method developed by Empowering Italian GLAMs proved effective in raising awareness of open access among GLAMs, supporting their adoption of open access policies, initiating the process of opening their collections, and increasing the number of collaborations between GLAMs and Wikimedia projects. Moreover, the cooperation with ICOM Italia was crucial for engaging museums, while the partnership with Creative Commons Italia ensured that the project was appropriately aligned with national legislation. This approach also generated a powerful communication campaign that increased visibility for the concept of OpenGLAM and strengthened Wikimedia’s position as a key ally for institutions seeking to open their data and content and collaborate with both online and offline communities.
In summary, the project adopted a national-level approach by developing a structured and replicable method that enables any cultural institution to implement an open access policy and collaborate effectively with Wikimedia projects. This method established a new and accessible entry point for institutions, supported by a dedicated communication framework and a set of practical support tools designed to facilitate engagement and long-term participation.
The project expanded the established GLAM Wiki collaboration model beyond the traditional focus on content uploads and training activities. It introduced a more comprehensive approach that encompasses the creation, improvement, and long-term maintenance of a dedicated Wikidata database, as well as the active promotion of open access policies, free licenses, and reusable digital tools. Through this framework, institutional data were made openly available on Wikidata, properly sourced and released under a CC0 license, thereby ensuring interoperability with other open data and unrestricted reuse for all purposes.
A key outcome of the project was the use of Wikidata as a monitoring database that tracks essential indicators for cultural institutions. These indicators include data completeness, image availability, the presence of Wikipedia articles and their language versions, and levels of participation in GLAM Wiki collaborations. Thanks to the upload to Wikidata, the resulting data can be readily reused and visualised through existing Wikimedia tools25 as well as through newly developed visualisation platforms26 explicitly tailored to cultural heritage and GLAMs contexts.
The project further demonstrated the feasibility of a scalable system that can be adopted by institutions of varying sizes and replicated across different national and international contexts. It highlighted the critical importance of collaboration with global organisations such as ICOM and Creative Commons, as well as the added value of partnerships with researchers, academic institutions, and organisations that provide training and consultancy services to the cultural sector. Finally, the project effectively leveraged Wikimedia Italia’s open-source contact management system, CiviCRM, to support communication, coordination, and stakeholder engagement throughout the initiative.
Several challenges and lessons emerged from the project’s implementation. First, data curation on Wikidata proved to be a critical component. Although automated and semi-automated data uploads are feasible, a substantial portion of the work still requires careful manual curation to ensure data quality and consistency. In this context, regional-level data review was particularly effective, as it enabled the management of smaller datasets with higher accuracy and greater alignment with local institutional realities.
Second, the project highlighted the need to carefully account for national legislative frameworks, which vary considerably across countries and directly affect project procedures and authorisation processes. The Italian context was especially complex due to the specificity and stratification of cultural heritage legislation. This challenge was successfully addressed through close collaboration with Creative Commons Italia’s legal expertise. To provide clear and authoritative guidance on which content and data could be made openly available and under which conditions, a formal legal opinion was commissioned from the lawyer Deborah De Angelis. This document (De Angelis, 2025) now serves as an essential reference for cultural institutions engaged in open access and data-sharing initiatives.
A further lesson learned concerns the importance of implementing local languages. The project demonstrated that an exclusively English-language approach is insufficient at the international level, as cultural institutions primarily operate and communicate in their national languages. Ensuring full functionality and accessibility, therefore requires the adaptation of tools, documentation, and communication materials to local linguistic contexts.
Finally, the project underscored the central role of expertise in Wikidata. The centralisation of institutional support and coordination requires a high level of technical competence and a deep understanding of Wikidata and the broader Wikimedia ecosystem, including its community dynamics and data models.
(5) Implications/Applications
Building on the scalability results discussed above, the method developed within the Empowering Italian GLAMs project has already been adopted by another country, demonstrating clear potential for replication and adaptation to different national contexts. The reproducibility of the approach was supported by presenting the Empowering Italian GLAMs experience to Wikimedia communities at a series of international conferences.27 Additionally, the method was introduced individually to GLAM representatives from the Wikimedia chapters of New Zealand and Argentina, who had expressed a specific interest in implementing similar workflows.
Personal contact and one-to-one mentoring proved crucial to enabling the method’s transfer and contextual adaptation. In particular, Argentina decided to replicate the experience in 2024–2025, introducing several adjustments: the project focuses on 50 museums, and it sets a quantitative goal of 1,000 objects, with a specific emphasis on demo-ethno-anthropological collections. This new implementation was presented at a roundtable at the GLAM Wiki 2025 conference (Pensa et al., 2025), where other countries — such as New Zealand, Bolivia, and Chile — expressed interest in adopting and adapting the approach to their local contexts.
The use of Wikidata as a repository for cultural institutions enables the exploitation of an existing, open, and collaborative infrastructure that already contains a significant volume of GLAM-related data. Furthermore, the thematic synergy with the Wiki Loves Monuments project builds upon the Wikimedia community’s established engagement with cultural heritage, thus facilitating outreach, participation, and impact.
Given the centrality of GLAMs to arts and humanities research, the Wikidata database of cultural institutions can also serve as a valuable tool for research and monitoring, enabling cross-institutional and longitudinal analyses (Bertacchini et al., 2025). It can further support the activities of research infrastructures such as DARIAH (Digital Research Infrastructure for the Arts and Humanities), which are increasingly focusing on data-driven approaches to heritage and cultural analysis.
Notes
[1] Description and documentation of the project Empowering Italian GLAM https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Italian_GLAMs.
[2] In Italy, the first institutional collaborations with Wikipedia and the Wikimedia projects date back to 2006, with the involvement of the Technological and Archaeological National Park of the Grossetane Metalliferous Hills (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progetto:GLAM/Parcotag – last accessed: 11/12/2025) and the collaboration of the association Amici del Museo delle Grigne, including the Pietro Pensa Archive, the Museo delle Grigne, and the Ecomuseo delle Grigne (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progetto:GLAM/Associazione_Amici_del_Museo_delle_Grigne_Onlus – last accessed: 11/12/2025). In 2007, further collaboration was established with the International Centre for Architectural Studies Andrea Palladio (CISA https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progetto:GLAM/CISA – last accessed: 11/12/2025). At the international level, the most widely recognised collaborations emerged in 2007–2008, notably the agreement with the German Federal Archives (https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM/Case_studies/German_Federal_Archives – last accessed: 11/12/2025) and the appointment in 2010 of the first Wikipedian in Residence at the British Museum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/British_Museum – last accessed: 11/12/2025).
[3] Project Empowering Italian GLAMs on Meta-Wiki https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Italian_GLAMs and on OSF Open Science Framework https://osf.io/jpnb3 (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[4] The MET Open Access policy https://www.metmuseum.org/policies/image-resources and explanation https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/open-access-at-the-met (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[5] Database di Wikimedia Italia CiviCRM https://wiki.wikimedia.it/wiki/CiviCRM (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[6] Report in Italian about who has been contacted and responses https://osf.io/ap7bs/overview and https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Italian_GLAMs/Relazione/Contatti (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[7] Form online https://glams.wmcloud.org/; code https://gitlab.wikimedia.org/repos/wikimedia-it/wmit-empowering-italian-glams; report of the form in Italian https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Italian_GLAMs/Relazione/Form; technical report of the form in English https://wiki.wikimedia.it/wiki/Empowering_Italian_GLAMs/Tech_evaluations (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[8] Criteria for assessment and evaluation https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Italian_GLAMs/Criteria_for_assessment_and_evaluation (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[9] Documentation about the case studies https://osf.io/sf2v3/ (last accessed: 20/12/2025). The case studies have not yet been fully analyzed.
[10] Survey https://survey.wikimedia.it/index.php/324835 (last accessed: 20/12/2025) with 140 surveys completed. The number of questionnaires collected was not considered sufficient for a comprehensive analysis of open access practices among Italian museums, and was therefore supplemented with a series of qualitative interviews. The results of this data collection have not yet been fully analyzed.
[11] Documentation of the project on Meta-Wiki https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Italian_GLAMs/Documentation (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[12] Documentation of the project archived on OSF Open Science Framework https://osf.io/jpnb3/ (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[13] Description in Italian of the activities on Wikidata and quantitative and qualitative report of the uploade https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Italy/Empowering_Italian_GLAM (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[14] Ibidem. General report about the uploads in Italian https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Italian_GLAMs/Relazione/Wikidata (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[15] Report of the activity https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Italian_GLAMs/Relazione/Wikidata#Collegamento_museo_con_progetto_Wikimedia_/_GLAM and query to extract data related to the Italian institutions with a GLAM Wiki page or related project https://w.wiki/6D8K (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[16] Query to extract data related to the institutions which participated in Empowering Italian GLAMs https://w.wiki/G2yi (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[17] List of museums region by region on Wikipedia in Italian https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progetto:Musei/Liste (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[18] Wiki Loves Monuments focusing on GLAMs https://wiki.wikimedia.it/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Monuments/2024 (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[19] Report of the import of data related to GLAMs for Wiki Loves Monuments 2024 https://wiki.wikimedia.it/wiki/Import_e_manutenzione_dati_musei,_archivi,_biblioteche,_teatri_e_terme (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[20] Quantitative report about Wiki Loves Monuments https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progetto:Wiki_Loves_Mo,numents_Italia/Storia_e_statistiche (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[21] Wiki Loves Monuments dashboard https://data.wikilovesmonuments.it (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[22] Wiki Loves Monuments web app https://app.wikilovesmonuments.it/en/ (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[23] Report on the data imported into Wikidata related to libraries and archives https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Italy/Empowering_Italian_GLAM (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[24] Final report of the project Empowering Italian GLAMs in English https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Italian_GLAMs/Final_report (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[25] Data can be selected and monitored through queries (example of query which allows to select and monitor Italian museums involved in GLAM Wiki activities https://w.wiki/6D8K); list of existing tools based on Wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Tools/Visualize_data (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[26] Examples are the visualizations developed by Tommaso Messina with the support of Enrico Bertacchini, Federico Benvenuti and Iolanda Pensa for the project Empowering Italian GLAMs https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/tommaso.messina/viz/monitoraggio_0_3/overview (last accessed: 20/12/2025) and the tools developed for Wiki Loves Monuments which include data related to GLAMs (https://data.wikilovesmonuments.it and https://app.wikilovesmonuments.it – last accessed: 20/12/2025).
[27] List of events where the project was presented https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empowering_Italian_servesasGLAMs/Events (last accessed: 20/12/2025).
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the team who have made the project Empowering Italian GLAMs possible, and in particular Sarah Orlandi, Deborah De Angelis, Guido Baratta, Daniele Scasciafratte, Dario Crespi, Marco Chemello, Cristina Dal Min, Alice Fontana, Tommaso Messina, Marta Multinu, Elena Bertelli, Federico Borreani, Elena Marangoni, Alessia Minnella and Valerio Bozzolan. Thanks to Chiara Somajni for the editing and review. Our gratitude to all the volunteers who, every day, contribute to improving and reviewing Wikidata.
Competing interests
The authors have been actively involved in the Empowering Italian GLAMs project. Iolanda Pensa has conceived and directed the project as a volunteer; Federico Benvenuti has worked as a staff member of the project team, uploading and curating data on Wikidata; Enrico Bertacchini has contributed as a senior researcher to the project’s evaluation, and his time was an in-kind contribution of the University of Turin. The authors have no competing interests to declare.
Author Contributions
Iolanda Pensa: Conceptualisation and writing.
Federico Benvenuti: Data curation.
Enrico Bertacchini: Review.