Figure 1
Framework employed to assess copyright and licencing practices in Collections as Data.
Table 1
International regulations on copyright in CH institutions.
| Regulations |
| Berne Convention |
| EU Copyright Legislation |
| Information Society Directive (2001/29/EC) |
| Digital Single Market Directive |
Table 2
Examples of legal cases concerning the fair use of digital collections.
| LEGAL CASES (ACCESSED: 20 JAN 2025) | COURT DECISION |
|---|---|
| Authors Guild v. Google | Fair use |
| Authors Guild v. HathiTrust | Fair use |
| Hachette Book Group, Inc. v. Internet Archive | Not fair use |
| Cambridge University Press et al. v. Patton/Becker | Fair use |
Table 3
Examples of licences provided by CH institutions.
| INSTITUTIONS | DATASETS (ACCESSED: 20 JAN 2025) | LICENCES | LICENCES – MACHINE READABILITY |
|---|---|---|---|
| Austrian National Library | Historical Postcards | Public Domain | No |
| Koninklijke Bibliotheek | Dataset Middeleeuwse Verluchte Handschriften | Public Domain | No |
| Koninklijke Bibliotheek | Ot and Sien dataset | In Copyright | No |
| Library of Congress | HydroLAKES | CC BY 4.0 | Yes |
| Meemoo | Art in Flanders | Public Domain, CC0, CC BY 4.0 | No |
| National Diet Library, Japan | Bibliographic Datasets | Public Domain | No |
| National Library of Czech Republic | Bibliographic Datasets | CC0 | No |
| National Library of Luxembourg | Historical Newspapers | Public Domain | No |
| National Library of Peru | [Carta de] Emilio Viscarra… | Public Domain | Yes |
| National Library of Scotland | Gazetteers of Scotland | Public Domain | No |
| National Library of Scotland | Archive of Tomorrow Project | CC-BY 4.0 | No |
| National Library of Serbia | Serbian-Dalmatian Almanac: Enlightenment Enthusiast | Public Domain | No |
| National Library of Spain | Hispanic Digital Library datasets | CC0 | No |
| OPENN | Tercüman-nâme | Public Domain | Yes |
| OPENN | Frederick J. Sorber pocket diary | CC-BY 4.0 | Yes |
| Shuge Online Digital Library, China | Four Seasons Celebration Album | CC-BY 4.0 | No |
| State Library of Queensland | Photographs 1914–1918 | CC-BY 4.0 | Yes |
| Taipei National Palace Museum | Open Data | Public Domain, CC-BY 4.0 | No |
Table 4
Conditions Restricting Access to Digital Collections.
| INSTITUTIONS | COLLECTION (ACCESSED: 20 JAN 2025) | DATE | ACCESS CONDITIONS | METADATA | LICENCE INFORMATION |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Library of the Turkish Historical Society | Künhü’l-ahbâr | Author’s death: 1600 | Membership, Downloadable as a single file, Watermark, PDF, No OCR | MARC | None |
| National Library of the Czech Republic | Die Böhmischen Kronlehen | Document date: 1861 | Open access, Each page as separate image, Downloadable as PDF (max 90 pages), No OCR | No metadata standard | None |
| National Library of Malta | Rhodiorum Historia | Author’s death: 1501 | Open access, Each page as separate image, No OCR | Dublin Core | None |
| National Library of the Parliament of Georgia | Bible: Old and New Testament | Document date: 1743 | Open access, Downloadable as a single file, View option unavailable, PDF, No OCR | Dublin Core | None |
| National Library of Romania | Geographical historical atlas | Document date: 1920 | Open access, Only view, Each page as separate image, No OCR | No metadata standard | None |
| National Library of Turkiye | Şerhul-Mesnevî | Author’s death: 1631 | Membership, Each page as separate image, PDF, No OCR | No metadata standard | None |
| National Library of Ukraine | Words of The Damascus Monk | Document date: 1585–1595 | Open access, Only view, No OCR | No metadata standard | None |
| National Library of Uzbekistan | Masnaviy | Author’s death: [1273] | Open access, Demo view, Only view, No OCR | No metadata standard | None |
| The Nation’s Library, Turkiye | Dürr-i sencide | Author’s death: [1900?] | Open access, Downloadable as a single file, PDF, No OCR | No metadata | None |
| SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library | Personal notebooks of prominent Bulgarians: Vasil Levski | Author’s death: 1873 | Open access, Only view, No OCR | No Metadata | None |
| State Archives, Turkiye | Cumhuriyet and Ottoman Archive | Document date: 1294 | Membership (via e-government), Paid (per page for downloads), Each page as separate image, PDF, No OCR | No metadata standard | None |
Table 5
Examples of properties provided by existing vocabularies to describe licences to provide machine-readable metadata.
| PROPERTY | VOCABULARY | URL (ACCESSED: 20 JAN 2025) |
|---|---|---|
| bibframe:copyrightRegistration | BIBFRAME | https://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe.html#p_copyrightRegistration |
| cc:licence | Creative Commons vocabulary | https://creativecommons.org/ns#licence |
| cidoc-crm:E30_Right | CIDOC-CRM | http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E30_Right |
| dcterms:rights | Dublin Core | http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/rights |
| edm:rights | Europeana Data Model | https://pro.europeana.eu/page/edm-documentation |
| odrs:rights | Open Data Rights Statement Vocabulary | http://schema.theodi.org/odrs#rights |
| rdau:P61140 | Resource Description and Access | http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P61140 |
| schema:licence | Schema.org | https://schema.org/license |