References
- 1Bhandari, A., & Duncan, J. (2014). Goal neglect and knowledge chunking in the construction of novel behaviour. Cognition, 130, 11–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.013
- 2Botvinick, M. M. (2007). Conflict monitoring and decision making: reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 356–366. DOI: 10.3758/CABN.7.4.356
- 3Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Carter, C. S., Barch, D. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108, 624–652. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624
- 4Brass, M., Liefooghe, B., Braem, S., & De Houwer, J. (2017). Following new task instructions: Evidence for a dissociation between knowing and doing. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 81, 16–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.012
- 5Brouillet, T., Ferrier, L. P., Grosselin, A., & Brouillet, D. (2011). Action compatibility effects are hedonically marked and have incidental consequences on affective judgment. Emotion, 11, 1202. DOI: 10.1037/a0024742
- 6Cannon, P. R., Hayes, A. E., & Tipper, S. P. (2010). Sensorimotor fluency influences affect: Evidence from electromyography. Cognition & Emotion, 24, 681–69. DOI: 10.1080/02699930902927698
- 7Chein, J. M., & Schneider, W. (2012). Neuroimaging studies of practice-related change: fMRI and meta-analytic evidence of a domain general control network for learning. Cognitive Brain Research, 25, 607–623. DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.08.013
- 8Cole, M. W., Laurent, P., & Stocco, A. (2013). Rapid instructed task learning: A new window into the human brain’s unique capacity for flexible cognitive control. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 1–22. DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0125-7
- 9Corneille, O., & Stahl, C. (2019). Associative attitude learning: A closer look at evidence and how it relates to attitude models. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(2), 161–189. DOI: 10.1177/1088868318763261
- 10De Houwer, J., Van Dessel, P., & Moran, T. (in press). Attitudes Beyond Associations: On the Role of Propositional Representations in Stimulus Evaluation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.
- 11Dreisbach, G., & Fischer, R. (2012). Conflicts as aversive signals. Brain & Cognition, 78, 94–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.12.003
- 12Dreisbach, G., & Fischer, R. (2015). Conflicts as aversive signals for control adaptation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 255–260. DOI: 10.1177/0963721415569569
- 13Dumontheil, I., Roggeman, C., Ziermans, T., Peyrard-Janvid, M., Matsson, H., Kere, J., & Klingberg, T. (2011). Influence of the COMT genotype on working memory and brain activity changes during development. Biological psychiatry, 70, 222–229. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.027
- 14Duncan, J., Emslie, H., Williams, P., Johnson, R., & Freer, C. (1996). Intelligence and the frontal lobe: The organization of goal-directed behavior. Cognitive psychology, 30, 257–303. DOI: 10.1006/cogp.1996.0008
- 15Duncan, J., Parr, A., Woolgar, A., Thompson, R., Bright, P., Cox, S., Bishop, S., & Nimmo-Smith, I. (2008). Goal neglect and Spearman’s g: Competing parts of a complex task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 131–148. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.137.1.131
- 16Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143–149. DOI: 10.3758/BF03203267
- 17Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229–238. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229
- 18Fritz, J., & Dreisbach, G. (2013). Conflicts as aversive signals: Conflict priming increases negative judgments for neutral stimuli. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 311–317. DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0147-1
- 19Fritz, J., & Dreisbach, G. (2015). The time course of the aversive conflict signal. Experimental Psychology, 62, 30–39. DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000271
- 20Gawronski, B., & De Houwer, J. (2014).
Implicit measures in social and personality psychology . In H. T. Reis, & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (2nd edition, pp. 283–310). New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511996481.016 - 21Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
- 22Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
- 23Hartstra, E., Kuhn, S., Verguts, T., & Brass, M. (2011). The implementation of verbal instructions: an fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 32, 1811–1824. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21152
- 24Kawakami, K., Phills, C. E., Steele, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2007). (Close) distance makes the heart grow fonder: Improving implicit racial evaluations and interracial interactions through approach behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 957–971. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.957
- 25Kiesel, A., Steinhauser, M., Wendt, M., Falkenstein, M., Jost, K., Philipp, A. M., & Koch, I. (2010). Control and interference in task switching-A review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 849–874. DOI: 10.1037/a0019842
- 26Koch, I., Gade, M., Schuch, S., & Philipp, A. M. (2010). The role of inhibition in task switching: A review. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 17, 1–14. DOI: 10.3758/PBR.17.1.1
- 27Kool, W., McGuire, J. T., Rosen, Z. B., & Botvinick, M. M. (2010). Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demand. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 4, 665. DOI: 10.1037/a0020198
- 28Kurdi, B., & Banaji, M. R. (2017). Repeated evaluative pairings and evaluative statements: How effectively do they shift implicit attitudes? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146, 194–213. DOI: 10.1037/xge0000239
- 29Liefooghe, B., & Verbruggen, F. (2019). On the Assimilation of Instructions: Stimulus-response Associations are Implemented but not Stimulus-task Associations. Journal of Cognition, 2, 20. DOI: 10.5334/joc.78
- 30Liefooghe, B., Wenke, D., & De Houwer, J. (2012). Instruction-based task-rule congruency effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 38, 1325–1335. DOI: 10.1037/a0028148
- 31Mann, T. C., Cone, J., Heggeseth, B., & Ferguson, M. J. (2019). Updating implicit impressions: New evidence on intentionality and the affect misattribution procedure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(3), 349–374. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000146
- 32Meiran, N., Liefooghe, B., & De Houwer, J. (2017). Powerful instructions: Automaticity without practice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, 509–514. DOI: 10.1177/0963721417711638
- 33Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 134–140. DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00028-7
- 34Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. D. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 277–293. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277
- 35Phills, C. E., Kawakami, K., Tabi, E., Nadolny, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2011). Mind the gap: Increasing associations between the self and Blacks with approach behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 197–210. DOI: 10.1037/a0022159
- 36Ruge, H., & Wolfensteller, U. (2010). Rapid Formulation of Pragmatic Rule Representations in the Human Brain during Instruction-Based Learning. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 1656–1667. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp228
- 37Schönbrodt, F. D., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Zehetleitner, M., & Perugini, M. (2017). Sequential hypothesis testing with Bayes factors: Efficiently testing mean differences. Psychological Methods, 22, 322–339. DOI: 10.1037/met0000061
- 38Schouppe, N., Braem, S., De Houwer, J., Silvetti, M., Verguts, T., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & Notebaert, W. (2015). No pain, no gain: The affective valence of congruency conditions changes following a successful response. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15, 251–261. DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0318-3
- 39Shackman, A. J., Salomons, T. V., Slagter, H. A., Fox, A. S., Winter, J. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2011). The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 154–167. DOI: 10.1038/nrn2994
- 40Silvetti, M., Seurinck, R., & Verguts, T. (2011). Value and prediction error in the medial frontal cortex: integrating the single-unit and systems levels of analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 75. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00075
- 41Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies in interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662. DOI: 10.1037/h0054651
- 42Van Dessel, P., De Houwer, J., & Gast, A. (2016). Approach-avoidance training effects are moderated by awareness of stimulus-action contingencies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 81–93. DOI: 10.1177/0146167215615335
- 43Van Dessel, P., De Houwer, J., Gast, A., & Smith, C. T. (2015). Instruction-based approach–avoidance Effects: changing stimulus evaluation via the mere instruction to approach or avoid stimuli. Experimental Psychology, 62, 161–169. DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000282
- 44Van Dessel, P., De Houwer, J., Gast, A., Smith, C. T., & De Schryver, M. (2016). Instructing implicit processes: When instructions to approach or avoid influence implicit but not explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 63, 1–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.11.002
- 45Van Dessel, P., Eder, A., & Hughes, S. (2018). Mechanisms Underlying Effects of Approach-Avoidance Training on Stimulus Evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 44, 1224–1241. DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000514
- 46Van Dessel, P., Gawronski, B., Smith, C. T., & De Houwer, J. (2017). Mechanisms underlying approach-avoidance instruction effects on implicit evaluation: Results of a preregistered adversarial collaboration. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 23–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.10.004
- 47Van Dessel, P., Hughes, S., & De Houwer, J. (2018). Consequence-Based Approach-Avoidance Training: A New and Improved Method for Changing Behavior. Psychological Science, 29, 1899–1910. DOI: 10.1177/0956797618796478
- 48Van Dessel, P., Hughes, S., & De Houwer, J. (2019). How Do Actions Influence Attitudes? An Inferential Account of the Impact of Action Performance on Stimulus Evaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23, 267–284. DOI: 10.1177/1088868318795730
- 49Vandierendonck, A., Liefooghe, B., & Verbruggen, F. (2010). Task switching: Interplay of reconfiguration and interference. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 601–626. DOI: 10.1037/a0019791
- 50Van Loy, B., Liefooghe, B., & Vandierendonck, A. (2010). Cognitive control in cued task switching with transition cues: cue processing, task processing and cue-task transition congruency. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1916–1935. DOI: 10.1080/17470211003779160
- 51Verbruggen, F., McLaren, R., Pereg, M., & Meiran, N. (2018). Structure and Implementation of Novel Task Rules: A Cross-Sectional Developmental Study. Psychological Science, 29, 1113–1125. DOI: 10.1177/0956797618755322
- 52Verguts, T., & Notebaert, W. (2009). Adaptation by binding: a learning account of cognitive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 252–257. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.02.007
- 53Vermeylen, L., Braem, S., & Notebaert, W. (2019). The affective twitches of task switches: task switch cues are evaluated as negative. Cognition, 183, 124–130. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.11.002