Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Age and Physical Activity Modulate the Spatial Mapping of Time-Related Words Cover

Age and Physical Activity Modulate the Spatial Mapping of Time-Related Words

Open Access
|Sep 2026

References

  1. Addis, D. R., Musicaro, R., Pan, L., & Schacter, D. L. (2010). Episodic simulation of past and future events in older adults: Evidence from an experimental recombination task. Psychology and Aging, 25(2), 369376. 10.1037/a0017280
  2. Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). Age-related changes in the episodic simulation of future events. Psychological Science, 19(1), 3341. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02043.x
  3. Aghjayan, S. L., Bournias, T., Kang, C., Zhou, X., Stillman, C. M., Donofry, S. D., Kamarck, T. W., Marsland, A. L., Voss, M. W., Fraundorf, S. H., & Erickson, K. I. (2022). Aerobic exercise improves episodic memory in late adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Communications Medicine, 2(15). 10.1038/s43856-022-00015-5
  4. Altman, D. G., & Royston, P. (2006). The cost of dichotomising continuous variables. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 332(7549), 1080. 10.1136/bmj.332.7549.1080
  5. Anelli, F., Ciaramelli, E., Arzy, S., & Frassinetti, F. (2016). Age-related effects on future mental time travel. Neural Plasticity, 2016, 1867270. 10.1155/2016/1867270
  6. Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Dalmaijer, E. S., Hodges, N., & Evershed, J. K. (2021). Realistic precision and accuracy of online experiment platforms, web browsers, and devices. Behavior Research Methods, 53(4), 14071425. 10.3758/s13428-020-01501-5
  7. Arnold, K. M., & Szpunar, K. K. (2015). Differences in time perspective predict differences in future simulations. In: M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. van Beek (Eds.), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application. Springer. 10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_17
  8. Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255278. 10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
  9. Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Cognitive and neural contributions to understanding the conceptual system. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(2), 9195. 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00555.x
  10. Bates, D. M., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. M., & Walker, S. C. (2015). Fitting linear mixed- effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 148. 10.18637/jss.v067.i01
  11. Baumsteiger, R. (2017). Looking forward to helping: The effects of prospection on prosocial intentions and behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(9), 505514. 10.1111/jasp.12456
  12. Becker, M., Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Easterbrook, M. J., Brown, R., Smith, P. B., Abuhamdeh, S., Cendales Ayala, B., Garðarsdóttir, R. B., Torres, A., Camino, L., Bond, M. H., Nizharadze, G., Amponsah, B., Schweiger Gallo, I., Prieto Gil, P., Lorente Clemares, R., Campara, G., Espinosa, A., … Lay, S. (2018). Being oneself through time: Bases of self-continuity across 55 cultures. Self and Identity, 17(3), 276293. 10.1080/15298868.2017.1330222
  13. Bender, A., & Beller, S. (2014). Mapping spatial frames of reference onto time: a review of theoretical accounts and empirical findings. Cognition, 132(3), 342382. 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.016
  14. Beracci, A., & Fabbri, M. (2022). Past on the ground floor and future in the attic: The vertical mental timeline. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 48, 380399. 10.1037/xhp0000988
  15. Bergen, B. K., & Lau, T. T. C. (2012). Writing direction affects how people map space onto time. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 109. 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00109
  16. Block, R. A., & Gruber, R. P. (2014). Time perception, attention, and memory: a selective review. Acta Psychologica, 149, 129133. 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.11.003
  17. Bogon, J., Jagorska, C., Steinecker, I., & Riemer, M. (2024). Age-related changes in time perception: Effects of immersive virtual reality and spatial location of stimuli. Acta Psychologica, 249, 104460. 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104460
  18. Bonato, M., Saj, A., & Vuilleumier, P. (2016). Hemispatial neglect shows that “before” is “left”. Neural Plasticity, 2716036. 10.1155/2016/2716036
  19. Bonato, M., Zorzi, M., & Umiltà, C. (2012). When time is space: evidence for a mental time line. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(10), 22572273. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.08.007
  20. Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 75(1), 128. 10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00073-6
  21. Bottini, R., & Casasanto, D. (2010). Implicit spatial length modulates time estimates, but not vice versa. In Spatial Cognition VII. Spatial Cognition 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 6222, pp. 152162. 10.1007/978-3-642-14749-4_15
  22. Brito, D. V. C., Esteves, F., Rajado, A. T., Silva, N., ALFA score Consortium, Araújo, I., Bragança, J., Castelo-Branco, P., & Nóbrega, C. (2023). Assessing cognitive decline in the aging brain: Lessons from rodent and human studies. npj Aging, 9(23). 10.1038/s41514-023-00023-4
  23. Buzi, G., Eustache, F., Droit-Volet, S., Desaunay, P., & Hinault, T. (2024). Towards a neurodevelopmental cognitive perspective of temporal processing. Communications Biology, 7(1), 987. 10.1038/s42003-024-06641-4
  24. Bylund, E., Gygax, P., Samuel, S., & Athanasopoulos, P. (2020). Back to the future? The role of temporal focus for mapping time onto space. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73(2), 174182. 10.1177/1747021819867624
  25. Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science, 312(5782), 19131915. 10.1126/science.1127488
  26. Conway, M. A., Justice, L. V., & D’Argembeau, A. (2019). The self-memory system revisited: Past, present, and future. In: J. H. Mace (Ed.), The organization and structure of autobiographical memory (pp. 2851). Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780198784845.003.0003
  27. Corlett, H., & MacLeod, A. K. (2021). Future-Directed Thinking and Its Relationship to Subjective Well-Being in Older Adults. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 92(3), 338349. 10.1177/0091415019896221
  28. Coste, C., Navarro, B., Abram, M., Duval, C., Picard, L., & Piolino, P. (2012). Quid du voyage mental dans le temps subjectif et effets de l’âge ? [What about the mental time travel and age-related effects?]. Geriatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement, 10(1), 95105. 10.1684/pnv.2012.0328
  29. D’Argembeau, A., Feyers, D., Majerus, S., Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., Maquet, P., & Salmon, E. (2008). Self-reflection across time: cortical midline structures differentiate between present and past selves. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(3), 244252. 10.1093/scan/nsn020
  30. Daskalopoulou, C., Stubbs, B., Kralj, C., Koukounari, A., Prince, M., & Prina, A. M. (2017). Physical activity and healthy ageing: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Research Reviews, 38, 617. 10.1016/j.arr.2017.06.003
  31. de la Fuente, J., Santiago, J., Román, A., Dumitrache, C., & Casasanto, D. (2014). When you think about it, your past is in front of you: how culture shapes spatial conceptions of time. Psychological science, 25(9), 16821690. 10.1177/0956797614534695
  32. Duffy, S., & Feist, M. (2014). Individual differences in the interpretation of ambiguous statements about time. Cognitive Linguistics, 25(1), 2954. 10.1515/cog-2013-0030
  33. Feist, M. I., & Duffy, S. E. (2023). To each their own: a review of individual differences and metaphorical perspectives on time. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1213719. 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213719
  34. Fjell, A. M., & Walhovd, K. B. (2010). Structural brain changes in aging: courses, causes and cognitive consequences. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 21(3), 187221. 10.1515/revneuro.2010.21.3.187
  35. Fuhrman, O., McCormick, K., Chen, E., Jiang, H., Shu, D., Mao, S., & Boroditsky, L. (2011). How linguistic and cultural forces shape conceptions of time: English and Mandarin time in 3D. Cognitive Science, 35, 13051328. 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01193.x
  36. Gabrian, M., Dutt, A. J., & Wahl, H. W. (2017). Subjective time perceptions and aging well: A review of concepts and empirical research – A Mini-Review. Gerontology, 63(4), 350358. 10.1159/000470906
  37. Greene, N. R., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2023). Adult age-related changes in the specificity of episodic memory representations: A review and theoretical framework. Psychology and Aging, 38(2), 6786. 10.1037/pag0000724
  38. Gu, Y., Mol, L., Hoetjes, M., & Swerts, M. (2017). Conceptual and lexical effects on gestures: The case of vertical spatial metaphors for time in Chinese. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 32(8), 10481063. 10.1080/23273798.2017.1283425
  39. Hallez, Q., & Balcı, F. (2024). Memory capacity as the core mechanism of the development of space–time interferences in children. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 10377. 10.1038/s41598-024-61018-1
  40. Hamm, J. M., Parker, K., Lachman, M. E., Mogle, J. A., Duggan, K. A., & McGrath, R. (2024). Increased frequency of light physical activity during midlife and old age buffers against cognitive declines. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 47(4), 622634. 10.1007/s10865-024-00478-2
  41. Heckhausen, J., & Krueger, J. (1993). Developmental expectations for the self and most other people: Age grading in three functions of social comparison. Developmental Psychology, 29(3), 539548. 10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.539
  42. Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). Blackwell. (Original work published 1927).
  43. Hinault, T., D’Argembeau, A., Bowler, D. M., La Corte, V., Desaunay, P., Provasi, J., Platel, H., Tran The, J., Charretier, L., Giersch, A., & Droit-Volet, S. (2023). Time processing in neurological and psychiatric conditions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 154, 105430. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105430
  44. Hoffman, P. (2018). An individual differences approach to semantic cognition: Divergent effects of age on representation, retrieval and selection. Scientific Reports, 8, 8145. 10.1038/s41598-018-26569-0
  45. Imtiaz, F., & Ji, L. J. (2021). “Then and Now”: Examining the impact of temporal focus on persuasive messages across seniors and young adults. Experimental Aging Research, 47(1), 5778. 10.1080/0361073X.2020.1839309
  46. Irish, M., Goldberg, Z.-L., Alaeddin, S., O’Callaghan, C., & Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2019). Age-related changes in the temporal focus and self-referential content of spontaneous cognition during periods of low cognitive demand. Psychological Research, 83(747–760). 10.1007/s00426-018-1117-y
  47. Irish, M., & Piguet, O. (2013). The pivotal role of semantic memory in remembering the past and imagining the future. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 27. 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00027
  48. Jagorska, C., Steinecker, I., & Riemer, M. (2026). Interferences between time and space in advanced age. Memory & Cognition, 54(2), 689699. 10.3758/s13421-025-01775-0
  49. Joireman, J., Sprott, D. E., & Spangenberg, E. R. (2005). Fiscal responsibility and the consideration of future consequences. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 11591168. 10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.002
  50. Kooij, D., & Van De Voorde, K. (2011). How changes in subjective general health predict future time perspective, and development and generativity motives over the lifespan. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 228247. 10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02012.x
  51. Kooij, D. T. A. M., Kanfer, R., Betts, M., & Rudolph, C. W. (2018). Future time perspective: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(8), 867893. 10.1037/apl0000306
  52. Kühne, K., Miklashevsky, A., & Malyshevskaya, A. (2025). Does the Level of Temporal Demand Affect Activation of the Mental Timeline? Journal of Cognition, 8(1), 37. 10.5334/joc.448
  53. La Corte, V., & Piolino, P. (2016). On the role of personal semantic memory and temporal distance in episodic future thinking: The TEDIFT model. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 385. 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00385
  54. Lai, V. T., & Boroditsky, L. (2013). The immediate and chronic influence of spatio-temporal metaphors on the mental representations of time in English, Mandarin, and Mandarin-English speakers. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 142. 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00142
  55. Li, H. (2018). A future-minded lark in the morning: The influence of time-of-day and chronotype on metaphorical associations between space and time. Metaphor and Symbol, 33(1), 4857. 10.1080/10926488.2018.1407995
  56. Li, H. (2021). Time heals all wounds: analysis of changes in temporal focus and implicit space–time mappings among survivors of the 2019 China earthquake over time. Language and Cognition, 13(4), 595612. 10.1017/langcog.2021.14
  57. Li, H. (2023). Worrying about your future: How anxiety influences people’s implicit spatial conceptions of time. Pragmatics and Cognition, 29(1), 160179. 10.1075/pc.20019.li
  58. Li, H., & Cao, Y. (2018a). Time will tell: Temporal landmarks influence metaphorical associations between space and time. Cognitive Linguistics, 29(4). 10.1515/cog-2017-0043
  59. Li, H., & Cao, Y. (2018b). Karma or Immortality: Can Religion Influence Space-Time Mappings? Cognitive Science, 42(3), 10411056. 10.1111/cogs.12579
  60. Li, H., & Cao, Y. (2020). Best wishes for the future: The link between dispositional optimism and mental sagittal space-time mappings. Personality and Individual Differences, 166(3–4), 110212. 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110212
  61. Li, H., & Cao, Y. (2022). Time for politics: The relationship between political attitude and implicit space-time mappings. Current Psychology, 41(3), 11841190. 10.1007/s12144-020-00640-4
  62. Lister, J. P., & Barnes, C. A. (2009). Neurobiological changes in the hippocampus during normative aging. Archives of Neurology, 66(7), 829833. 10.1001/archneurol.2009.125
  63. Lustig, C., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (2007). Inhibitory deficit theory: Recent developments in a “new view” In D. S. Gorfein & C. M. MacLeod (Eds.), Inhibition in cognition (pp. 145162). American Psychological Association. 10.1037/11587-008
  64. Maaß, S. C., Wolbers, T., van Rijn, H., & Riemer, M. (2022). Temporal context effects are associated with cognitive status in advanced age. Psychological Research, 86(2), 512521. 10.1007/s00426-021-01502-9
  65. Matthews, W. J., & Meck, W. H. (2016). Temporal cognition: Connecting subjective time to perception, attention, and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 142(8), 865907. 10.1037/bul0000045
  66. Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (1993). Bivariate median splits and spurious statistical significance. Psychological Bulletin, 113(1), 181190. 10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.181
  67. McClelland, G. H., Lynch, J. G., Jr., Irwin, J. R., Spiller, S. A., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2015). Median splits, Type II errors, and false–positive consumer psychology: Don’t fight the power. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(4), 679689. 10.1016/j.jcps.2015.05.006
  68. Mello, Z. R., Barber, S. J., Vasilenko, S. A., Chandler, J., & Howell, R. (2022). Thinking about the past, present, and future: Time perspective and self-esteem in adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 40(1), 92111. 10.1111/bjdp.12393
  69. Meyer, A. M., & Federmeier, K. D. (2010). Event-related potentials reveal the effects of aging on meaning selection and revision. Psychophysiology, 47(4), 673686. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00983.x
  70. Miles, L. K., Tan, L., Noble, G. D., Lumsden, J., & Macrae, C. N. (2011). Can a mind have two time lines? Exploring space-time mapping in Mandarin and English speakers. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(3), 598604. 10.3758/s13423-011-0068-y
  71. Mioni, G., Román-Caballero, R., Clerici, J., & Capizzi, M. (2021). Prospective and retrospective timing in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioural Brain Research, 410, 113354. 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113354
  72. Mioni, G., Wolbers, T., & Riemer, M. (2024). Differences between sub-second and supra-second durations for the assessment of timing deficits in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Aging Brain, 6, 100120. 10.1016/j.nbas.2024.100120
  73. Murman, D. L. (2015). The Impact of Age on Cognition. Seminars in Hearing, 36(3), 111121. 10.1055/s-0035-1555115
  74. Myachykov, A., Scheepers, C., Fischer, M. H., & Kessler, K. (2014). TEST: A tropic, embodied, and situated theory of cognition. Topics in Cognitive Science, 6(3), 442460. 10.1111/tops.12024
  75. Nava, E., Rinaldi, L., Bulf, H., & Cassia, V. M. (2018). The spatial representation of numbers and time follow distinct developmental trajectories: A study in 6- and 10-year-old children. Cognitive Development, 48, 5261. 10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.08.001.
  76. Nobre, A. C., & van Ede, F. (2018). Anticipated moments: temporal structure in attention. Nature reviews, Neuroscience, 19(1), 3448. 10.1038/nrn.2017.141
  77. Núñez, R., & Cooperrider, K. (2013). The tangle of space and time in human cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(5), 220229. 10.1016/j.tics.2013.03.008
  78. Núñez, R. E., & Sweetser, E. (2006). With the future behind them: Convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive Science, 30(3), 401450. 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62
  79. Ouellet, M., Santiago, J., Funes, M. J., & Lupiáñez, J. (2010b). Thinking about the future moves attention to the right. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human, Perception and Performance, 36(1), 1724. 10.1037/a0017176
  80. Ouellet, M., Santiago, J., Israeli, Z., & Gabay, S. (2010a). Is the future the right time? Experimental Psychology, 57(4), 308314. 10.1027/1618-3169/a000036
  81. Park, D. C., & Festini, S. B. (2017). Theories of Memory and Aging: A Look at the Past and a Glimpse of the Future. The journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(1), 8290. 10.1093/geronb/gbw066
  82. Park, D. C., Lautenschlager, G., Hedden, T., Davidson, N. S., Smith, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 17(2), 299320. 10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.299
  83. Pearlman, E. (2011, December 2). Edith Pearlman, PEN Award Winner, On Success Late In Life. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/edith-pearlman-pen-award_b_1117158
  84. Pitt, B., & Casasanto, D. (2020). The correlations in experience principle: How culture shapes concepts of time and number. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(6), 10481070. 10.1037/xge0000696
  85. Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(1), 325. 10.1080/00335558008248231
  86. Qin, Y. (2023). That which does not kill you on Wednesday makes you stronger on Friday: A bidirectional relationship between resilience and time. British Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(2), 4759. 10.32996/bjal.2023.3.2.5
  87. Royston, P., Altman, D. G., & Sauerbrei, W. (2006). Dichotomizing continuous predictors in multiple regression: a bad idea. Statistics in Medicine, 25(1), 127141. 10.1002/sim.2331
  88. RStudio Team. (2022). RStudio: Integrated development environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA.
  89. Rutt, J. L., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2016). Age patterns in mental representations of time: Underlying constructs and relevant covariates. Experimental Aging Research, 42(3), 289306. 10.1080/0361073X.2016.1156975
  90. Santiago, J., Lupianez, J., Perez, E., & Funes, M. J. (2007). Time (also) flies from left to right. Psychonomic Bullettin and Review, 14(3), 512516. 10.3758/BF03194099
  91. Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2007). The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 362(1481), 773786. 10.1098/rstb.2007.2087
  92. Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., & Szpunar, K. K. (2017). Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 17, 4150. 10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.06.002
  93. Scozia, G., Pinto, M., Lozito, S., Binetti, N., Pazzaglia, M., Lasaponara, S., & Doricchi, F. (2024). The time course of the spatial representation of ‘past’ and ‘future’ concepts: New evidence from the STEARC effect. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 86(3), 10481055. 10.3758/s13414-024-02862-1
  94. Scozia, G., Pinto, M., Lozito, S., Lasaponara, S., Binetti, N., Pazzaglia, M., & Doricchi, F. (2023a). Space is a late heuristic of elapsing time: New evidence from the STEARC effect. Cortex, 164, 2132. 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.03.009
  95. Scozia, G., Pinto, M., Pellegrino, M., Lozito, S., Pia, L., Lasaponara, S., & Doricchi, F. (2023b). How time gets spatial: Factors determining the stability and instability of the mental time line. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 85(7), 23212336. 10.3758/s13414-023-02746-w
  96. Sewell, K. R., Rainey-Smith, S. R., Peiffer, J., Sohrabi, H. R., Taddei, K., Ames, D., Maruff, P., Masters, C. L., Rowe, C. C., Martins, R. N., Erickson, K. I., & Brown, B. M. (2023). The relationship between objective physical activity and change in cognitive function. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 19(7), 29842993. 10.1002/alz.12950
  97. Shaki, S., & Fischer, M. H. (2023). How does language affect spatial attention? Deconstructing the prime-target relationship. Memory & Cognition, 51, 11151124. 10.3758/s13421-022-01390-3
  98. Spreng, R. N., & Levine, B. (2006). The temporal distribution of past and future autobiographical events across the lifespan. Memory & Cognition, 34(8), 16441651. 10.3758/bf03195927
  99. Starr, A., & Srinivasan, M. (2021). The future is in front, to the right, or below: Development of spatial representations of time in three dimensions. Cognition, 210, 104603. 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104603
  100. Strough, J., Bruine de Bruin, W., Parker, A. M., Lemaster, P., Pichayayothin, N., & Delaney, R. (2016). Hour glass half full or half empty? Future time perspective and preoccupation with negative events across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 31(6), 558573. 10.1037/pag0000097
  101. Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (1997). Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 123(2), 133167.
  102. Tillman, K. A., Tulagan, N., Fukuda, E., & Barner, D. (2018). The mental timeline is gradually constructed in childhood. Developmental Science, 21(6), e12679. 10.1111/desc.12679
  103. Torralbo, A., Santiago, J., & Lupiánez, J. (2006). Flexible conceptual projection of time onto spatial frames of reference. Cognitive Sciences, 30(4), 745757. 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_67
  104. Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 26(1), 112. 10.1037/h0080017
  105. Viard, A., Chételat, G., Lebreton, K., Desgranges, B., Landeau, B., de La Sayette, V., Eustache, F., & Piolino, P. (2011). Mental time travel into the past and the future in healthy aged adults: an fMRI study. Brain and Cognition, 75(1), 19. 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.10.009
  106. von Sobbe, L., Scheifele, E., Maienborn, C., & Ulrich, R. (2019). The space–time congruency effect: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Science, 43(1), 123. 10.1111/cogs.12709
  107. Waliński, J. T. (2014). Reflection of temporal horizon in linguistic performance. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 126, 178187. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.363
  108. Wu, W., & Hoffman, P. (2022). Validated measures of semantic knowledge and semantic control: normative data from young and older adults for more than 300 semantic judgements. Royal Society Open Science, 9(2), 211056. 10.1098/rsos.211056
  109. Zhu, Z., Wang, S., Xu, N., Li, M., & Yang, Y. (2019). Semantic integration declines independently of working memory in aging. Applied Psycholinguistics, 40(6), 14811494. 10.1017/S0142716419000341
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.514 | Journal eISSN: 2514-4820
Language: English
Page range: 45 - 45
Submitted on: Jan 8, 2026
Accepted on: Aug 3, 2026
Published on: Sep 4, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Anastasia Malyshevskaya, Martin H. Fischer, Yury Shtyrov, Andriy Myachykov, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.