Figure 1
Age distribution.
Table 1
Translation of words included in the stimulus material.
| TIME-RELATED WORDS | NEUTRAL WORDS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORIGINAL | TRANSLATION | ORIGINAL | TRANSLATION | |
| Past | былое | bygone days | анализ | analysis |
| вчера | yesterday (adv) | аппарат | apparatus | |
| вчерашний | yesterday’s (adj) | бензин | petrol | |
| давно | long ago | биология | biology | |
| издавна | since long ago | вовсе | at all | |
| издревле | since ancient times | вообще | generally | |
| минувший | bygone | воспитание | upbringing | |
| недавно | recently | вроде | seemingly | |
| позавчера | the day before yesterday | обычный | usual | |
| прошлогодний | last year’s | существо | being | |
| прошлое | the past (n) | глобализация | globalisation | |
| прошлый | past (adj) | экономика | economics | |
| Future | будущее | the future (n) | деревянный | wooden |
| будущий | upcoming | стеклянный | glass | |
| вскоре | Shortly | стиль | style | |
| грядущее | what is to come | продукт | product | |
| грядущий | future (adj) | также | also | |
| завтра | tomorrow (adv) | теоретический | theoretical | |
| завтрашний | tomorrow’s (adj) | учитель | teacher | |
| наступающий | forthcoming | факультет | faculty | |
| планируемый | planned | чемпионат | championship | |
| послезавтра | the day after tomorrow | характер | temperament | |
| предстоящий | impending | цивилизация | civilisation | |
| скоро | soon | фильтр | filter | |
Figure 2
Example of an experimental trial sequence. The stimulus example is translated to English for clarity. Not to scale.
Table 2
Statistical results: Output of the best-fitting linear mixed-effects model.
| RANDOM EFFECTS | NAME | VARIANCE | SD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | Intercept | 0.0039 | 0.0622 | ||
| Word type | 0.00001 | 0.0085 | |||
| Response key | 0.0002 | 0.0147 | |||
| Stimuli | Intercept | 0.0020 | 0.0445 | ||
| Response key | 0.0006 | 0.0252 | |||
| Residual | 0.0086 | 0.0928 | |||
| FIXED EFFECTS | B | SE | CI | t-value | p-value |
| Intercept | 2.8874 | 0.0093 | 2.8692 – 2.9056 | 310.95 | <.001 |
| Word type | 0.0022 | 0.0092 | –0.0160 – 0.0203 | 0.23 | .815 |
| Response key | 0.0012 | 0.0045 | –0.0076 – 0.0099 | 0.26 | .795 |
| Age | 0.0022 | 0.0004 | 0.0015 – 0.0030 | 6.11 | <.001 |
| Physical activity | 0.0065 | 0.0049 | –0.0030 – 0.0160 | 1.34 | .181 |
| Word type * Response key | –0.0043 | 0.0059 | –0.0160 – 0.0073 | –0.73 | .467 |
| Word type * Age | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 – 0.0004 | 2.32 | .020 |
| Response key * Age | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | –0.0001 – 0.0005 | 1.36 | .175 |
| Word type * Physical activity | –0.0003 | 0.0013 | –0.0027 – 0.0022 | –0.22 | .829 |
| Response key * Physical activity | –0.0031 | 0.0019 | –0.0068 – 0.0006 | –1.62 | .104 |
| Age * Physical activity | –0.0004 | 0.0003 | –0.0010 – 0.0002 | –1.20 | .229 |
| Word type * Response key * Age | 0.0000 | 0.0002 | –0.0003 – 0.0004 | 0.28 | .777 |
| Word type * Response key * Physical activity | –0.0003 | 0.0022 | –0.0046 – 0.0039 | –0.15 | .884 |
| Word type * Age * Physical activity | –0.0002 | 0.0001 | –0.0003 – –0.0000 | –2.23 | .026 |
| Response key * Age * Physical activity | –0.0001 | 0.0001 | –0.0003 – 0.0002 | –0.44 | .658 |
| Word type * Response key * Age * Physical activity | –0.0004 | 0.0001 | –0.0006 – –0.0001 | –2.72 | .006 |
Figure 3
Interaction between Word type and Age (model-estimated RT data). Observed per-participant mean RTs are presented in the Supplementary Materials (Figure S1).
Figure 4
Interaction between Word type and Age along Physical activity (scores) (model-estimated RT data).
Note. The model-based predictions are shown separately for each observed level of Physical activity scores: 1 (N = 5), 2 (N = 8), 3 (N = 10), 4 (N = 15), 5 (N = 41), and 6 (N = 15).
Figure 5
Interaction between Word type and Physical activity along Age (years) (model-estimated RT data).
Note. The model-based predictions are evaluated at six illustrative, evenly spaced ages across the entire sample range (19–80). There is no partitioning of participants into discrete age groups, since predictions at each age value are informed by data from the entire sample (with stronger influence from participants whose ages are close to the probed value).
Figure 6
Interaction between Word Type and Response Key: Releveling by Physical activity and Age (model-estimated RT data). Error bars represent standard errors.
Figure S1
Observed mean reaction times (ms) as a function of Age and Word type.
Note. Each data point represents a single participant’s mean RT for a given word type (past, neutral, future), plotted at their actual age.