
Proactive Control of Emotional Information in Adult ADHD
By: Anna Längle, Ulrich Ettinger and Stefan Duschek
References
- Beall, P. M., & Herbert, A. M. (2008). The face wins: Stronger automatic processing of affect in facial expressions than words in a modified Stroop task. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 1613–1642. 10.1080/02699930801940370
- Beesdo-Baum, K., Zaudig, M., & Wittchen, H. U. (2019).
SCID-5-CV: strukturiertes klinisches Interview für DSM-5-Störungen-Klinische Version: deutsche Bearbeitung des Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders-Clinician Version von Michael B. First, Janet B. W. Williams, Rhonda S. Karg, Robert L. Spitzer. Hogrefe. - Braem, S., Bugg, J. M., Schmidt, J. R., Crump, M. J., Weissman, D. H., Notebaert, W., & Egner, T. (2019). Measuring adaptive control in conflict tasks. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(9), 769–783. 10.1016/j.tics.2019.07.002
- Braver, T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: a dual mechanisms framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 106–113. 10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.010
- Duschek, S., Piwkowski, P., Rainer, T., Vorwerk, J., Riml, L., & Ettinger, U. (2025). Neural Correlates of Proactive and Reactive Control Investigated Using a Novel Precued Antisaccade Paradigm. Psychophysiology, 62,
e70015 . 10.1111/psyp.70015 - Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. 10.3758/BF03193146
- Grandjean, J., D’Ostilio, K., Phillips, C., Balteau, E., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., Maquet, P., Salmon, E., & Collette, F. (2012). Modulation of brain activity during a Stroop inhibitory task by the kind of cognitive control required. PloS one, 7(7),
e41513 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0041513 - Grane, V. A., Brunner, J. F., Endestad, T., Aasen, I. E. S., Kropotov, J., Knight, R. T., & Solbakk, A.-K. (2016). ERP correlates of proactive and reactive cognitive control in treatment-naïve adult ADHD. PLOS ONE, 11(7),
e0159833 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0159833 - Jia, L. X., Ye, J. Y., Cui, J. F., Shi, H. S., Yang, T. X., & Wang, Y. (2023). Proactive and reactive cognitive control for emotional conflict in individuals with high schizotypy: An ERP study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 145, 36–44. 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.10.016
- King, J. A., Colla, M., Brass, M., Heuser, I., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2007). Inefficient cognitive control in adult ADHD: evidence from trial-by-trial Stroop test and cued task switching performance. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 3, 1–19. 10.1186/1744-9081-3-42
- Kooij, J., Bijlenga, D., Salerno, L., Jaeschke, R., Bitter, I., Balázs, J., Thome, J., Dom, G., Kasper, S., Filipe, C. N., Stes, S., Mohr, P., Leppämäki, S., Casas, M., Bobes, J., Mccarthy, J., Richarte, V., Philipsen, A. K., Pehlivanidis, A., … Asherson, P. (2019). Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. European Psychiatry, 56, 14–34. 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001
- Längle, A., Reyes del Paso, G. A., Ettinger, U., & Duschek, S. (2025). Habitual Worry, Cognitive Control and Heart Rate Variability in Adult ADHD. Submitted for publication. 10.1111/psyp.70110
- Lansbergen, M. M., Kenemans, J. L., & van Engeland, H. (2007). Stroop interference and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review and metaanalysis. Neuropsychology, 21, 251–262. 10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.251
- Levy, F., Pipingas, A., Harris, E. V., Farrow, M., & Silberstein, R. B. (2018). Continuous performance task in ADHD: Is reaction time variability a key measure? Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 781–786. 10.2147/NDT.S158308
- Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Ohman, A. (1998). The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF). Karolinska Institute: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology Section. 10.1037/t27732-000
- Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167–202. 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
- Mörstedt, B., Corbisiero, S., & Stieglitz, R. D. (2016). Normierung der Adult ADHD Self-Report-Scale-V1.1 und der ADHS Selbstbeurteilungsskala an einer repräsentativen deutschsprachigen Stichprobe. Diagnostica, 62, 199–211. 10.1026/0012-1924/a000154
- Onandia-Hinchado, I., Pardo-Palenzuela, N., & Diaz-Orueta, U. (2021). Cognitive characterization of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by domains: a systematic review. Journal of Neural Transmission, 128, 893–937. 10.1007/s00702-021-02302-6
- Quintana, D. S., & Williams, D. R. (2018). Bayesian alternatives for common null hypothesis significance tests in psychiatry: a non-technical guide using JASP. BMC Psychiatry, 18,
178 . 10.1186/s12888-018-1761-4 - Safren, S. A., Sprich, S. E., Cooper-Vince, C., Knouse, L. E., & Lerner, J. A. (2010). Life impairments in adults with medication-treated ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13, 524–531. 10.1177/1087054709332460
- Schmidt, J. R. (2019). Evidence against conflict monitoring and adaptation: An updated review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26(3), 753–771. 10.3758/s13423-018-1520-z
- Schwartz, K., & Verhaeghen, P. (2008). ADHD and Stroop interference from age 9 to age 41 years: a meta-analysis of developmental effects. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1607–1616. 10.1017/S003329170700267X
- Sebastian, A., Gerdes, B., Feige, B., Klöppel, S., Lange, T., Philipsen, A., Van Elst, L. T., Lieb, K., & Tüscher, O. (2012). Neural correlates of interference inhibition, action withholding and action cancelation in adult ADHD. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 202, 132–141. 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.010
- Senkowski, D., Ziegler, T., Singh, M., Heinz, A., He, J., Silk, T., & Lorenz, R. C. (2024). Assessing inhibitory control deficits in adult ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the stop-signal task. Neuropsychology Review, 34, 548–567.
- Sidlauskaite, J., Dhar, M., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Wiersema, J. R. (2020). Altered proactive control in adults with ADHD: Evidence from event-related potentials during cued task switching. Neuropsychologia, 138,
107330 . 10.1016/j.neuropsycholo-gia.2019.107330 - Skirrow, C., & Asherson, P. (2013). Emotional lability, comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147, 80–86. 10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.011
- Soler-Gutiérrez, A. M., Pérez-González, J. C., & Mayas, J. (2023). Evidence of emotion dysregulation as a core symptom of adult ADHD: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 18(1), Article
e0280131 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0280131 - Spinelli, G., & Lupker, S. J. (2023). Robust evidence for proactive conflict adaptation in the proportion-congruent paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 49(5), 675–700. 10.1037/xlm0001144
- Spinelli, G., & Lupker, S. J. (2024). A spatial version of the Stroop task for examining proactive and reactive control independently from non-conflict processes. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 86(4), 1259–1286. 10.3758/s13414-024-02892-9
- van Dijk, F., Schellekens, A., van den Broek, P., Kan, C., Verkes, R. J., & Buitelaar, J. (2014). Do cognitive measures of response inhibition differentiate between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder? Psychiatry Research, 215, 733–739. 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.034
- White, H. A. (2007). Inhibitory Control of Proactive Interference in Adults With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 141–149. 10.1177/1087054706295604
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.502 | Journal eISSN: 2514-4820
Language: English
Page range: 29 - 29
Submitted on: Sep 8, 2025
Accepted on: Apr 28, 2026
Published on: May 11, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
© 2026 Anna Längle, Ulrich Ettinger, Stefan Duschek, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.