Figure 1
A. Schematic overview of block structure, illustrating the sentence congruency manipulation (congruent: M+, yellow; incongruent: M–, blue). Each block comprised 2 pairs of M+ sentences and 2 pairs of M– sentences presented randomly. Participants were presented with the ‘first’ sentence from all sentence pairs (pink outlines), before encountering the second sentence of the pair (green outlines). B. Schematic illustration of the trial structure. C. Schematic outline of the recognition trial.
Figure 2
Accuracy and memory by congruency and modality. The figure displays the means of accuracy (left panel) and memory (right panel) across different modalities, separated by Congruency (M– vs. M+). Error bars represent ±1 standard error (SE).
Table 1
Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Results for Accuracy. Z-values in bold indicate that the effect is significant. The final model fitted to the accuracy data was Accuracy ~ Congruency + Modality + Congruency:Modality + (1 + Congruency | Participant) + (1 | Item) + (0 + Congruency | Item).
| MEASURE | FIXED EFFECT | b | SE | 95% CI | z-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | (intercept) | –0.06 | 0.12 | –.29,.17 | –0.52 | 0.602 |
| Congruency | –0.50 | 0.07 | –.64, –.36 | –7.00 | <.001 | |
| Modality: Listening | –0.06 | 0.14 | –.34, .21 | –0.45 | 0.652 | |
| Modality: Listening + Reading | 0.20 | 0.14 | –.08,.47 | 1.40 | 0.161 | |
| Congruency * Modality (Listening) | –0.40 | 0.08 | –.56, –.24 | –4.96 | <.0001 | |
| Congruency * Modality (Listening + Reading) | 0.01 | 0.08 | –.15, .17 | 0.11 | 0.912 | |
| RANDOM EFFECTS | VARIANCE | SD | CORRELATION | |||
| Participant | (intercept) | 0.255 | 0.505 | |||
| Word | (intercept) | 0.112 | 0.334 | |||
| Type: M– | 0.083 | 0.288 | ||||
| Type: M+ | 0.241 | 0.491 | –.15 | |||
Table 2
Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Results for Memory. The final model fitted to the memory data was Memory ~ Congruency + Modality + Congruency:Modality + (1 + Congruency | Participant) + (1 + Congruency | Item).
| MEASURE | FIXED EFFECT | b | SE | 95% CI | z-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | (Intercept) | –0.11 | 0.07 | –.25, .02 | –1.64 | 0.102 |
| Congruency (incongruent) | –0.05 | 0.08 | –.21, .11 | –0.60 | 0.547 | |
| Modality: Listening | –0.20 | 0.09 | –.38, –.02 | –2.22 | 0.026 | |
| Modality: Listening + Reading | 0.16 | 0.10 | –.31, .35 | 1.64 | 0.101 | |
| Congruency * Modality (Listening) | –0.04 | 0.09 | –.22, .15 | –0.41 | 0.683 | |
| Congruency * Modality (Listening + Reading) | –0.03 | 0.10 | –.23,.16 | –0.34 | 0.732 | |
| RANDOM EFFECTS | VARIANCE | SD | CORRELATION | |||
| Participant | (intercept) | 0.160 | 0.400 | |||
| Congruency | 0.199 | 0.446 | 0.18 | |||
| Word | (intercept) | 0.005 | 0.068 | |||
| List 1 | 0.087 | 0.294 | 0.02 | |||
Table 3
Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Results for Enjoyment using Day 1 Accuracy. The final model fitted to the accuracy data was Enjoyment ~ Congruency + Accuracy + Modality + Congruency:Accuracy + Accuracy:Modality + (1 | Participant) + (1 | Item).
| MEASURE | FIXED EFFECT | b | SE | 95% CI | z-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enjoyment | (Intercept) | 4.87 | 0.22 | 4.44, 5.30 | 22.40 | <.0001 |
| Congruency | –0.07 | 0.02 | –0.10, –0.04 | –4.27 | <.0001 | |
| Accuracy | –0.02 | 0.03 | –0.07, 0.03 | –0.79 | 0.432 | |
| Modality (Reading and Listening) | 0.19 | 0.32 | –0.45, 0.83 | 0.59 | 0.553 | |
| Modality (Listening) | 0.07 | 0.32 | –0.57, 0.70 | 0.21 | 0.836 | |
| Congruency * Accuracy | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.17, 0.23 | 11.70 | <.0001 | |
| Accuracy*Modality (RL) | –0.08 | 0.04 | –0.15, 0.00 | –1.90 | 0.057 | |
| Accuracy*Modality (L) | 0.03 | 0.04 | –0.04, 0.11 | 0.81 | 0.416 | |
| RANDOM EFFECTS | VARIANCE | SD | ||||
| Participant | (intercept) | 1.94 | 1.39 | |||
| Word | (intercept) | 0.01 | 0.09 | |||
Figure 3
Estimated marginal means of enjoyment by Accuracy, Congruency and Modality.
The figure displays the estimated marginal means (EMMs) of enjoyment as a function of Accuracy (“Incorrect” vs. “Correct”) and Congruency (M– vs. M+), with separate panels for each Modality. Error bars show ±1 standard error (SE).
Table 4
Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Results for Enjoyment using Day 2 Memory. The final model fitted to the memory data was Enjoyment ~ Congruency + Memory + Modality + Congruency:Memory + (1 | Participant) + (1 | Item).
| MEASURE | FIXED EFFECT | b | SE | 95% CI | z-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enjoyment | (Intercept) | 4.98 | 0.20 | 4.59, 5.38 | 25.10 | <.0001 |
| Congruency | –0.30 | 0.03 | –.35, –.25 | –11.00 | <.0001 | |
| Memory | –0.04 | 0.03 | –.09, .01 | –1.60 | 0.110 | |
| Modality (Reading and Listening) | –0.08 | 0.29 | –.66, .49 | –0.28 | 0.782 | |
| Modality (Listening) | 0.30 | 0.30 | –.29, .89 | 1.01 | 0.316 | |
| Congruency * Accuracy | 0.07 | 0.03 | .02, .12 | 2.70 | 0.007 | |
| RANDOM EFFECTS | VARIANCE | SD | ||||
| Participant | (intercept) | 1.54 | 1.24 | |||
| Word | (intercept) | 0.01 | 0.10 | |||
Figure 4
Estimated marginal means of enjoyment by Memory, Congruency and Modality.
The figure displays the estimated marginal means (EMMs) of enjoyment as a function of Memory (“Forgotten” vs. “Remembered” 24 hours later) and Congruency (M– vs. M+), with separate panels for each Modality (however, note there is no difference by modality). Error bars show ±1 standard error (SE).
Figure 5
Enjoyment and confidence by congruency, outcome, and modality.
The figure displays the means of enjoyment (left panel) and confidence (right panel) separated by Congruency (M– vs. M+) and outcome (Correct, Incorrect meaning inferred, and incorrectly rejected). The different modalities are shown in different colouts (Red: Reading, Green: Listening and Purple: Reading and Listening). Error bars represent ±1 standard error (SE).
Figure 6
Enjoyment and confidence by congruency, outcome and memory.
The figure displays the means of enjoyment separated by Congruency (M– vs. M+) and outcome (Correct, Incorrect meaning inferred, and incorrectly rejected). The different memory conditions are shown in different colours (Black: Forgotten, Green: Remembered). Error bars represent ±1 standard error (SE).