Figure 1
Examples of unfilled and filled trials (here with 2 memory letters). In the filled trials, the secondary task can be a location (here depicted) or a parity (squares were replaced by digits) judgment task. During the 12s interval, participants remained either silent, whispered “ba-bi-bou” or repeat aloud “ba-bi-bou”. The order of these concurrent articulation conditions was counterbalanced across participants.
Figure 2
Mean percentage of recall according to Concurrent task (unfilled vs. filled trials), Concurrent articulation (silent, whispered vs. aloud), and Context (alone vs. in the experimenter’s presence). Error bars represent standard errors.