References
- Afonso, O., Domínguez, A., Álvarez, C. J., & Morales, D. (2014). Sublexical and lexico-syntactic factors in gender access in Spanish. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 43(1), 13–25. 10.1007/s10936-012-9236-0
- Ansorge, U., Kunde, W., & Kiefer, M. (2014). Unconscious vision and executive control: How unconscious processing and conscious action control interact. Consciousness and Cognition, 27, 268–287. 10.1016/j.concog.2014.05.009
- Ansorge, U., Reynvoet, B., Hendler, J., Oettl, L., & Evert, S. (2013). Conditional automaticity in subliminal morphosyntactic priming. Psychological Research, 77, 399–421. 10.1007/s00426-012-0442-z
- Axelrod, V., Bar, M., Rees, G., & Yovel, G. (2015). Neural correlates of subliminal language processing. Cerebral Cortex, 25(8), 2160–2169. 10.1093/cercor/bhu022
- Baker, D. H., Vilidaite, G., Lygo, F. A., Smith, A. K., Flack, T. R., Gouws, A. D., & Andrews, T. J. (2021). Power contours: Optimising sample size and precision in experimental psychology and human neuroscience. Psychological Methods, 26(3), 295 314. 10.1037/met0000337
- Bakker, M., Hartgerink, C. H., Wicherts, J. M., & van der Maas, H. L. (2016). Researchers’ intuitions about power in psychological research. Psychological Science, 27(8), 1069–1077. 10.1177/0956797616647519
- Batterink, L., Karns, C. M., Yamada, Y., & Neville, H. (2010). The role of awareness in semantic and syntactic processing: An ERP attentional blink study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(11), 2514–2529. 10.1162/jocn.2009.21361
- Batterink, L., & Neville, H. J. (2013). The human brain processes syntax in the absence of conscious awareness. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(19), 8528–8533. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0618-13.2013
- Berkovitch, L., & Dehaene, S. (2019). Subliminal syntactic priming. Cognitive Psychology, 109, 26–46. 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2018.12.001
- Biafora, M., & Schmidt, T. (2019). Induced dissociations: Opposite time courses of priming and masking induced by custom-made mask-contrast functions. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82, 1333–1354. 10.3758/s13414-019-01822-4
- Brown, W. (1910). Some experimental results in the correlation of mental abilities 1. British Journal of Psychology, 1904–1920, 3(3), 296–322. 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1910.tb00207.x
- Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S., & Munafò, M. R. (2013). Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(5), 365–376. 10.1038/nrn3475
- Chomsky, N. (1980). Rules and representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 1–61. 10.1017/S0140525X00001515
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Cronbach, L. J., & Hartmann, W. (1954). A note on negative reliabilities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 14(2), 342–346. 10.1177/001316445401400213
- Cumming, G. (2013). The new statistics: A how-to guide. Australian Psychologist, 48(3), 161–170. 10.1111/ap.12018
- Dahlke, J. A., & Wiernik, B. M. (2019). Psychmeta: An R package for psychometric meta-analysis. Applied Psychological Measurement, 43(5), 415–416. 10.1177/0146621618795933
- Dienes, Z. (2004). Assumptions of subjective measures of unconscious mental states: Higher order thoughts and bias. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 11(9), 25–45.
- Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 85883. 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781
- Dienes, Z. (2024, January 3). How to deal with regression to the mean when selecting out conscious trials in order to analyse unconscious trials. 10.31234/osf.io/utrmf
- Enkavi, A. Z., Eisenberg, I. W., Bissett, P. G., Mazza, G. L., MacKinnon, D. P., Marsch, L. A., & Poldrack, R. A. (2019). Large-scale analysis of test–retest reliabilities of self-regulation measures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(12), 5472–5477. 10.1073/pnas.1818430116
- Eriksen, C. W. (1960). Discrimination and learning without awareness: a methodological survey and evaluation. Psychological Review, 67(5), 279. 10.1037/h0041622
- Fitch, W. T. (2014). Toward a computational framework for cognitive biology: Unifying approaches from cognitive neuroscience and comparative cognition. Physics of Life Reviews, 11(3), 329–364. 10.1016/j.plrev.2014.04.005
- Friederici, A. D. (2011). The brain basis of language processing: From structure to function. Physiological Reviews, 91(4), 1357–1392. 10.1152/physrev.00006.2011
- Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics (Vol. 1, pp. 1969–2012). New York: Wiley.
- Hasting, A. S., & Kotz, S. A. (2008). Speeding up syntax: On the relative timing and automaticity of local phrase structure and morphosyntactic processing as reflected in event-related brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(7), 1207–1219. 10.1162/jocn.2008.20083
- Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002) The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298(5598), 1569–1579. 10.1126/science.298.5598.1569
- Hautus, M. J., MacMillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (2022). Detection theory: A user’s guide. Routledge. 10.4324/9781003203636
- Hedge, C., Powell, G., & Sumner, P. (2018). The reliability paradox: Why robust cognitive tasks do not produce reliable individual differences. Behavior Research Methods, 50, 1166–1186. 10.3758/s13428-017-0935-1
- Hung, S. M., & Hsieh, P. J. (2015). Syntactic processing in the absence of awareness and semantics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41(5), 1376. 10.1037/xhp0000094
- Hung, S. M., & Hsieh, P. J. (2021). Subliminal temporal integration of linguistic information under discontinuous flash suppression. Journal of Vision, 21(5), 27. 10.1167/jov.21.5.27
- Iijima, K., & Sakai, K. L. (2014). Subliminal enhancement of predictive effects during syntactic processing in the left inferior frontal gyrus: An MEG study. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 217. 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00217
- Jiménez-Ortega, L., Badaya, E., Casado, P., Fondevila, S., Hernández-Gutiérrez, D., Muñoz, F., … & Martín-Loeches, M. (2021). The automatic but flexible and content-dependent nature of syntax. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 651158. 10.3389/fnhum.2021.651158
- Jiménez-Ortega, L., Espuny, J., de Tejada, P. H., Vargas-Rivero, C., & Martín-Loeches, M. (2017). Subliminal emotional words impact syntactic processing: Evidence from performance and event-related brain potentials. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 192. 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00192
- Jiménez-Ortega, L., García-Milla, M., Fondevila, S., Casado, P., Hernández-Gutiérrez, D., & Martín-Loeches, M. (2014). Automaticity of higher cognitive functions: Neurophysiological evidence for unconscious syntactic processing of masked words. Biological Psychology, 103, 83–91. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.08.011
- Lau, D. K. Y., Liang, Y., & Leung, M. T. (2017). Relations between awareness of morphosyntactic structures in Chinese compound words and reading abilities: A short report. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 31(7–9), 631–641. 10.1080/02699206.2017.1302513
- Kiefer, M., & Kammer, T. (2017). The emergence of visual awareness: Temporal dynamics in relation to task and mask type. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 315. 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00315
- Kiefer, M., & Kammer, T. (2024). The relation between subjective and objective measures of visual awareness: Current evidence, attempt of a synthesis and future research directions. Journal of Cognition, 7(1). 10.5334/joc.381
- Kinoshita, S., & Lupker, S. J. (2004). Masked priming: The state of the art. Psychology Press. 10.4324/9780203502846
- Kouider, S., & Dehaene, S. (2007). Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: A critical review of visual masking. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1481), 857–875. 10.1098/rstb.2007.2093
- Maran, M., Friederici, A. D., & Zaccarella, E. (2022). Syntax through the looking glass: A review on two-word linguistic processing across behavioral, neuroimaging and neurostimulation studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104881. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104881
- Merikle, P. M., & Reingold, E. M. (1992).
Measuring unconscious perceptual processes . In R. F. Bornstein & T. S. Pittman (Eds.), Perception without awareness: Cognitive, clinical, and social perspectives (pp. 55–80). Guilford Press. - Meyen, S., Vadillo, M. A., von Luxburg, U., & Franz, V. H. (2024). No evidence for contextual cueing beyond explicit recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1–24. 10.3758/s13423-023-02358-3
- Meyen, S., Zerweck, I. A., Amado, C., von Luxburg, U., & Franz, V. H. (2022). Advancing research on unconscious priming: When can scientists claim an indirect task advantage?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151(1), 65. 10.1037/xge0001065
- Michel, M. (2023). How (not) to underestimate unconscious perception. Mind & Language, 38(2), 413–430. 10.1111/mila.12406
- Mirault, J., & Grainger, J. (2020). On the time it takes to judge grammaticality. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73(9), 1460–1465. 10.1177/1747021820913296
- Morey, R. D., & Rouder, J. N. (2011). Bayes factor approaches for testing interval null hypotheses. Psychological Methods, 16(4), 406. 10.1037/a0024377
- Namdari, A., Golfam, A., Moti’Nasrabadi, A., & Kadem, A. (2021). Investigating the degree of automaticity in syntactic processing in Persian: Evidence from electroencephalographic. Language and Linguistics, 17(33), 261–288.
- Nunnally, J. C. (1970). Introduction to psychological measurement. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., … & Brennan, S. E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ [Internet]. British Medical Journal Publishing Group.
- Parsons, S., Kruijt, A. W., & Fox, E. (2019). Psychological science needs a standard practice of reporting the reliability of cognitive-behavioral measurements. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(4), 378–395. 10.1177/2515245919879695
- Peel, H. J., Royals, K. A., & Chouinard, P. A. (2022). The Effects of Word Identity, Case, and SOA on Word Priming in a Subliminal Context. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 51(1), 1–15. 10.1007/s10936-021-09783-2
- Pronk, T., Molenaar, D., Wiers, R. W., & Murre, J. (2021). Methods to split cognitive task data for estimating split-half reliability: A comprehensive review and systematic assessment. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1–11. 10.31234/osf.io/ywste
- Pulvermüller, F., & Shtyrov, Y. (2006). Language outside the focus of attention: the mismatch negativity as a tool for studying higher cognitive processes. Progress in Neurobiology, 79(1), 49–71. 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.04.004
- Pyatigorskaya, E., Maran, M., & Zaccarella, E. (2023). Testing the automaticity of syntax using masked visual priming. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 1–25. 10.1080/23273798.2023.2173790
- Rastle, K., & Brysbaert, M. (2006). Masked phonological priming effects in English: Are they real? Do they matter?. Cognitive Psychology, 53(2), 97–145. 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.01.002
- Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic Procedures for Social Science Research (Vol. 6). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 10.4135/9781412984997
- Schmidt, F. (2010). Detecting and correcting the lies that data tell. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 233–242. 10.1177/1745691610369339
- Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2014). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Sage publications. 10.4135/9781483398105
- Shanks, D. R. (2017). Regressive research: The pitfalls of post hoc data selection in the study of unconscious mental processes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24, 752–775. 10.3758/s13423-016-1170-y
- Shanks, D. R., Malejka, S., & Vadillo, M. A. (2021). The challenge of inferring unconscious mental processes. Experimental Psychology, 68(3), 113. 10.1027/1618-3169/a000517
- Spearman, C. (1910). Correlation calculated from faulty data. British Journal of Psychology, 3(3), 271. 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1910.tb00206.x
- Tauroza, S., & Allison, D. (1990). Speech rates in british english. Applied Linguistics, 11(1), 90–105. 10.1093/applin/11.1.90
- Ullman, M. T. (2001). A neurocognitive perspective on language: The declarative/procedural model. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(10), 717–726. 10.1038/35094573
- Vadillo, M. A., Aniento, P., Hernández-Gutiérrez, D., Saini, L., & Aivar, M. P. (2024). Measuring learning and attention to irrelevant distractors in contextual cueing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 50(9), 952–970. 10.1037/xhp0001230
- Vadillo, M. A., Konstantinidis, E., & Shanks, D. R. (2016). Underpowered samples, false negatives, and unconscious learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 87–102. 10.3758/s13423-015-0892-6
- Vadillo, M. A., Malejka, S., Lee, D. Y., Dienes, Z., & Shanks, D. R. (2022). Raising awareness about measurement error in research on unconscious mental processes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 29(1), 21–43. 10.3758/s13423-021-01923-y
- Van den Bussche, E., Van den Noortgate, W., & Reynvoet, B. (2009). Mechanisms of masked priming: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 452. 10.1037/a0015329
- Van Gaal, S., Naccache, L., Meuwese, J. D., Van Loon, A. M., Leighton, A. H., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2014). Can the meaning of multiple words be integrated unconsciously?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1641), 20130212. 10.1098/rstb.2013.0212
- Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36, 1–48. 10.18637/jss.v036.i03
- Wiernik, B. M., & Dahlke, J. A. (2020). Obtaining unbiased results in meta-analysis: The importance of correcting for statistical artifacts. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3(1), 94–123. 10.1177/2515245919885611
- Yaron, I., Zeevi, Y., Korisky, U., Marshall, W., & Mudrik, L. (2024). Progressing, not regressing: A possible solution to the problem of regression to the mean in unconscious processing studies. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 31(1), 49–64. 10.3758/s13423-023-02326-x
- Zaccarella, E., & Friederici, A. D. (2017). The neurobiological nature of syntactic hierarchies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 81, 205–212. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.038
