Figure 1
Sequence of events on each trial. On target-categorization trials participants first determined whether the target word represented an animal smaller or larger than a shoebox. Then, they rated the prime’s visibility on a 4-level scale. Prime-categorization trials were similar, except that participants categorized the prime instead of the target animal name. Stimuli are not drawn to scale.
Figure 2
Mean response priming on RTs (in milliseconds) as a function of prime’s visibility rating and response speed (50% fastest vs. 50% slowest). Error bars indicate standard errors.
Table 1
Distribution of the prime-visibility ratings for each trial type.
| 0-VISIBILITY | 1-VISIBILITY | 2-VISIBILITY | 3-VISIBILITY | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target-Categorization trials | 46% | 14% | 12% | 28% |
| Prime-Categorization trials | 34% | 16% | 13% | 37% |
| Catch trials | 85% | 8% | 3% | 4% |
Table 2
Estimated marginal mean RTs (in milliseconds) and mean accuracy (in percentage) on target-categorization trials, as a function of response congruence (congruent and incongruent), prime visibility (0, 1, 2, and 3) and response speed (50% fastest and 50% slowest). Standard errors are presented in parentheses.
| FAST RTs (ms) | SLOW RTs (ms) | ACCURACY (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3-visibility | |||
| Incongruent | 571 (7.32) | 751 (12.0) | 86.9 (1.25) |
| Congruent | 543 (6.93) | 721 (11.6) | 93.2 (0.92) |
| Response priming | 28*** | 27*** | 6.3*** |
| 2-visibility | |||
| Incongruent | 564 (8.14) | 720 (12.3) | 92.9 (1.07) |
| Congruent | 546 (8.36) | 697 (13.1) | 96.2 (0.88) |
| Response priming | 18** | 23* | 3.3** |
| 1-visibility | |||
| Incongruent | 544 (5.55) | 698 (10.5) | 93.8 (0.99) |
| Congruent | 547 (7.21) | 698 (12.1) | 94.3 (1.18) |
| Response priming | –3 | 0 | 0.5 |
| 0-visibility | |||
| Incongruent | 524 (6.55) | 667 (10.1) | 89.3 (1.05) |
| Congruent | 514 (8.34) | 669 (10.6) | 89.6 (0.89) |
| Response priming | 10** | –2 | 0.3 |
[i] *= p < .05, **= p < .01, ***= p < .001.
Figure 3
Mean accuracy (in percentage) on prime-categorization trials as a function of prime-visibility ratings. Error bars indicate standard errors.