Figure 1
Example of a level-7 CSVI stimulus. The present features are red color, large figure, frame around the figure, X in the centre, O in the centre, bar under the figure, purple background. The absent features are square shape and dashed outline.
Figure 2
One of the six masks used in Experiments 1b and 1c.
Figure 3
Mean and 95% CI of the k estimates in experiments 1a–1c by experiment and condition. Note that all confidence intervals overlap with one another.
Table 1
Observed and expected means of correct responses per trial, by level for short and long presentation.
| LEVEL | OBS. LONG | OBS. SHORT | OBS.SH/L RATIO | EXP. LONG | EXP. SHORT | EXP. SH/L RATIO | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Experiment 1a | |||||||
| 2 | 1.99 | 1.89 | 0.95 | 1.96 | 1.87 | 0.95 | |
| 3 | 2.86 | 2.78 | 0.97 | 2.88 | 2.69 | 0.91 | |
| 4 | 3.88 | 3.46 | 0.89 | 3.77 | 3.29 | 0.87 | |
| 5 | 4.53 | 3.84 | 0.85 | 4.62 | 3.89 | 0.84 | |
| 6 | 5.39 | 4.44 | 0.82 | 5.44 | 4.42 | 0.81 | |
| 7 | 6.08 | 5.09 | 0.84 | 6.24 | 4.90 | 0.79 | |
| 8 | 6.73 | 5.30 | 0.79 | 6.47 | 4.18 | 0.65 | |
| (b) Experiment 1b | |||||||
| 2 | 2.00 | 1.64 | 0.82 | 1.96 | 1.75 | 0.89 | |
| 3 | 2.93 | 2.31 | 0.79 | 2.88 | 2.33 | 0.81 | |
| 4 | 3.79 | 2.71 | 0.72 | 3.77 | 2.80 | 0.74 | |
| 5 | 4.59 | 3.09 | 0.67 | 4.62 | 3.18 | 0.69 | |
| 6 | 5.31 | 3.48 | 0.65 | 5.44 | 3.50 | 0.64 | |
| 7 | 6.11 | 3.91 | 0.64 | 6.24 | 3.77 | 0.60 | |
| 8 | 6.63 | 4.14 | 0.62 | 6.47 | 3.69 | 0.57 | |
| (c) Experiment 1c | |||||||
| 2 | 1.96 | 1.89 | 0.96 | 1.96 | 1.91 | 0.97 | |
| 3 | 2.88 | 2.66 | 0.93 | 2.88 | 2.74 | 0.95 | |
| 4 | 3.71 | 3.44 | 0.93 | 3.77 | 3.50 | 0.93 | |
| 5 | 4.55 | 3.96 | 0.87 | 4.62 | 4.20 | 0.91 | |
| 6 | 5.20 | 4.71 | 0.91 | 5.44 | 4.85 | 0.89 | |
| 7 | 5.99 | 5.25 | 0.88 | 6.24 | 5.44 | 0.87 | |
| 8 | 6.54 | 5.88 | 0.90 | 6.47 | 6.00 | 0.93 | |
[i] Note: Obs. Long = Observed mean in the long condition. Obs. Short = Observed mean in the short condition. Obs. Sh/L Ratio = Ratio between observed means in the short and long conditions. Exp. Long = Expected mean from the B-E model (with k = 7) in the long condition. Exp. Short = Expected mean from the B-E model (with k = 7) in the short condition. Exp. Sh/L Ratio = Ratio between expected means in the short and long conditions.
Figure 4
Example procedure of a VAT trial, with a stimulus of set size 8, and a color change in the probe.
Figure 5
Mean and 95% CI of the k estimates obtained from Cowan’s (2001b) formula by presentation time and set size in Experiment 2.
Table 2
Parameter estimates obtained in Experiment 2 by analyzing with WoMMBAT the VAT data separately for short and long presentation.
| PRESENTATION TIME | PARAMETER | MEAN | S.D. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short (120 ms) | k (capacity) | 5.59 | .713 |
| z (non-lapse) | .813 | .084 | |
| g (guessing) | .404 | .138 | |
| Long (5 s) | k (capacity) | 8.47 | 1.11 |
| z (non-lapse) | .892 | .098 | |
| g (guessing) | .502 | .117 |
Table 3
Correlations (and 95% confidence intervals) between parameter estimates obtained from the CSVI and the VAT (analyzed with WoMMBAT) in Experiment 2.
| K CSVI | K VAT SHORT | K VAT LONG | Z VAT SHORT | Z VAT LONG | G VAT SHORT | G VAT LONG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k – CSVI | 1 | ||||||
| k – VAT short | .48** (.24, .67) | 1 | |||||
| k – VAT long | .29* (.01, .52) | .57** (.34, .73) | 1 | ||||
| z – VAT short | .44** (.18, .64) | .89** (.82, .94) | .58** (.36, .74) | 1 | |||
| z – VAT long | .54** (.31, .71) | .59** (.38, .75) | .42** (.16, .62) | .63** (.43, .78) | 1 | ||
| g – VAT short | .01 (–.27, .29) | .02 (–.26, .30) | –.04 (–.31, .24) | –.04 (–.32, .24) | –.16 (–.42, .12) | 1 | |
| g – VAT long | –.15 (–.41, .14) | –.21 (–.46, .07) | –.03 (–.30, .25) | –.28 (–.51, .002) | –.36* (–.58, –.10) | .56** (.33, .73) | 1 |
[i] Note: * p < 0.05 two-tailed; ** p < 0.01 two-tailed.
Figure 6
Mean and 95% CI of the k estimates obtained from Cowan’s (2001b) formula by presentation time and set size in Experiment 3.
Table 4
Parameter estimates obtained in Experiment 3 by analyzing with WoMMBAT the VAT data separately for short and long presentation.
| PRESENTATION TIME | PARAMETER | MEAN | S.D. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short (120 ms) | k (capacity) | 4.39 | .571 |
| z (non-lapse) | .937 | .030 | |
| g (guessing) | .479 | .133 | |
| Long (5 s) | k (capacity) | 7.01 | 1.77 |
| z (non-lapse) | .964 | .019 | |
| g (guessing) | .540 | .099 |
Table 5
Correlations (and 95% confidence intervals) between parameter estimates obtained from the CSVI and the VAT (analyzed with WoMMBAT) in Experiment 3.
| K CSVI | K VAT SHORT | K VAT LONG | Z VAT SHORT | Z VAT LONG | G VAT SHORT | G VAT LONG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k – CSVI | 1 | ||||||
| k – VAT short | .60** (.26, .81) | 1 | |||||
| k – VAT long | .61** (.27, .81) | .52** (.15, .76) | 1 | ||||
| z – VAT short | .40 (–.01, .69) | .44* (.04, .71) | .32 (–.09, .64) | 1 | |||
| z – VAT long | .14 (–.28, .51) | .07 (–.34, .46) | .07 (–.35, .46) | .25 (–.17, .59) | 1 | ||
| g – VAT short | –.36 (–.67, .05) | .01 (–.39, .41) | –.08 (–.47, .33) | –.08 (–.47, .34) | .24 (–.18, .59) | 1 | |
| g – VAT long | .01 (–.40, .41) | –.03 (–.43, .38) | –.14 (–.52, .28) | –.23 (–.58, .19) | .32 (–.10, .64) | .43* (.03, .71) | 1 |
[i] Note: * p < 0.05, two-tailed; ** p < 0.01, two-tailed.
Figure 7
Distributions of correct responses for each CSVI stimulus level from 2 to 8 with long presentation and expected distributions from the Bose-Einstein model.
Figure 8
Mean and 95% CI of the k estimates by experiment, task, and condition.
Figure 9
Correlation between the k scores in the short VAT and the long CSVI (left panel adults, right panel adolescents).